{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:56:48Z","timestamp":1790791008541,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-026-00971-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:09:23Z","timestamp":1790788163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Community-level air quality and health implications of sustainable aviation fuels adoption: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Yeonseung","family":"Cheong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningrui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti Khadka","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy V.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magali N.","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa Sui-hui","family":"Louie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffry H.","family":"Shirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edmund","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"971_CR1","unstructured":"Annual Energy Outlook. U.S. Energy Information Administration; 2023. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/outlooks\/aeo\/pdf\/AEO2023_Narrative.pdf."},{"key":"971_CR2","unstructured":"Pathways to Commercial Liftoff: Sustainable Aviation Fuel. U.S. Department of Energy; 2024. https:\/\/liftoff.energy.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/LIFTOFF_-Sustainable-Aviation-Fuel_Updated-2.6.25.pdf"},{"key":"971_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1017\/aer.2024.59","volume":"128","author":"J Hamilton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hamilton J, Elliott K, Singh P, Khandelwal B. Investigation on elastomer behaviour when exposed to conventional and sustainable aviation fuels. Aeronaut J. 2024;128:1485\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/aer.2024.59.","journal-title":"Aeronaut J"},{"key":"971_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12040243","volume":"12","author":"M Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen M, Li S, Yun L, Xu Y, Chen D, Lin C, et al. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds emitted from airport sources and their effects on ozone production. Toxics. 2024;12:243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12040243.","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"971_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.04.036","volume":"187","author":"T Mokalled","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mokalled T, Le Calv\u00e9 S, Badaro-Saliba N, Abboud M, Zaarour R, Farah W, et al. Identifying the impact of Beirut Airport\u2019s activities on local air quality - Part I: Emissions inventory of NO2 and VOCs. Atmos Environ. 2018;187:435\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.04.036.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mullen M, O\u2019Donnell C, Han L, Cook C, Zenke M, Airport Cooperative Research Program, et al. Understanding airport air quality and public health studies related to airports, second edition. Washington: National Academies Press; 2024. p. 27886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/27886","DOI":"10.17226\/27886"},{"key":"971_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.01.020","volume":"104","author":"P Lobo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lobo P, Hagen DE, Whitefield PD, Raper D. PM emissions measurements of in-service commercial aircraft engines during the Delta-Atlanta Hartsfield Study. Atmos Environ. 2015;104:237\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.01.020.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR8","unstructured":"Lobo P, Delhaye D, Lee D, Madden P, Zelina J, Oldani A, et al. ICAO CAEP\/12 Assessment Report: Fuel composition effects on nvPM emissions. International Civil Aviation Organization; 2024. https:\/\/www.icao.int\/sites\/default\/files\/sp-files\/environmental-protection\/Documents\/ScientificUnderstanding\/ICAO-CAEP12-Assessment-Report-on-fuel-composition-effects-on-nvPM-emissions.pdf"},{"key":"971_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2013.829908","volume":"47","author":"MEJ Stettler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stettler MEJ, Swanson JJ, Barrett SRH, Boies AM. Updated correlation between aircraft smoke number and black carbon concentration. Aerosol Sci Technol. 2013;47:1205\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786826.2013.829908.","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115061","volume":"218","author":"SFI Abdillah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdillah SFI, Wang Y-F. Ambient ultrafine particle (PM0.1): sources, characteristics, measurements and exposure implications on human health. Environ Res. 2023;218:115061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115061.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"971_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kwon H-S. Ultrafine particles: unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease. Exp Mol Med. 2020;52:318\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-0405-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0405-1"},{"key":"971_CR12","unstructured":"ICAO. Annex 16 - Environmental Protection - Volume II - Aircraft Engine Emissions. International Civil Aviation Organization. 2016. Report No.: 8th Edition. https:\/\/store.icao.int\/en\/annex-16-environmental-protection-volume-ii-aircraft-engine-emissions."},{"key":"971_CR13","unstructured":"US EPA. Control of Air Pollution From Aircraft Engines: Emission Standards and Test Procedures. 2022. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2022\/11\/23\/2022-25134\/control-of-air-pollution-from-aircraft-engines-emission-standards-and-test-procedures."},{"key":"971_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-007-9383-8","volume":"88","author":"RG Derwent","year":"2008","unstructured":"Derwent RG, Stevenson DS, Doherty RM, Collins WJ, Sanderson MG, Johnson CE. Radiative forcing from surface NO x emissions: spatial and seasonal variations. Clim Change. 2008;88:385\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10584-007-9383-8.","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"key":"971_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004759","volume":"109","author":"DS Stevenson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stevenson DS, Doherty RM, Sanderson MG, Collins WJ, Johnson CE, Derwent RG. Radiative forcing from aircraft NO x emissions: mechanisms and seasonal dependence. J Geophys Res Atmos. 2004;109:2004JD004759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004JD004759.","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Atmos"},{"key":"971_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-853-2021","volume":"21","author":"GD Thornhill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thornhill GD, Collins WJ, Kramer RJ, Olivi\u00e9 D, Skeie RB, O\u2019Connor FM, et al. Effective radiative forcing from emissions of reactive gases and aerosols\u2014a multi-model comparison. Atmos Chem Phys. 2021;21:853\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-21-853-2021.","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"971_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28079","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02499","volume":"102","author":"R Van Dorland","year":"1997","unstructured":"Van Dorland R, Dentener FJ, Lelieveld J. Radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone and sulfate aerosols. J Geophys Res Atmos. 1997;102:28079\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/97JD02499.","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Atmos"},{"key":"971_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04068-0","volume":"9","author":"B K\u00e4rcher","year":"2018","unstructured":"K\u00e4rcher B. Formation and radiative forcing of contrail cirrus. Nat Commun. 2018;9:1824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-04068-0.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"971_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.3390\/app12094450","volume":"12","author":"L Wilhelm","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilhelm L, Gierens K, Rohs S. Meteorological conditions that promote persistent contrails. Appl Sci. 2022;12:4450 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app12094450.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"971_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05933","volume":"55","author":"E Austin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Austin E, Xiang J, Gould TR, Shirai JH, Yun S, Yost MG, et al. Distinct ultrafine particle profiles associated with aircraft and roadway traffic. Environ Sci Technol. 2021;55:2847\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.0c05933.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115584","volume":"225","author":"CS Chung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chung CS, Lane KJ, Black-Ingersoll F, Kolaczyk E, Schollaert C, Li S, et al. Assessing the impact of aircraft arrival on ambient ultrafine particle number concentrations in near-airport communities in Boston, Massachusetts. Environ Res. 2023;225:115584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115584.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"971_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"041001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/4\/041001","volume":"10","author":"RM Harrison","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harrison RM, Masiol M, Vardoulakis S. Civil aviation, air pollution and human health. Environ Res Lett. 2015;10:041001 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/4\/041001.","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"971_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.05.070","volume":"95","author":"M Masiol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Masiol M, Harrison RM. Aircraft engine exhaust emissions and other airport-related contributions to ambient air pollution: a review. Atmos Environ. 2014;95:409\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.05.070.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2023.101729","volume":"34","author":"H Moradi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moradi H, Shafabakhsh G, Naderan A. Effect of airport pollution on airport cities and air quality of the area (case study: Imam Khomeini International Airport). J Transp Health. 2024;34:101729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jth.2023.101729.","journal-title":"J Transp Health"},{"key":"971_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cacint.2021.100066","volume":"11","author":"K Riley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Riley K, Cook R, Carr E, Manning B. A systematic review of the impact of commercial aircraft activity on air quality near airports. City Environ Interact. 2021;11:100066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cacint.2021.100066.","journal-title":"City Environ Interact"},{"key":"971_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.119721","volume":"301","author":"B Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu B, Cao L-M, Xia S-Y, Niu Y-B, Man H-Y, Du K, et al. Identifying the airport as a key urban VOC source in the Pearl River Delta, China. Atmos Environ. 2023;301:119721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2023.119721.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bendtsen KM, Bengtsen E, Saber AT, Vogel U. Correction to: a review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports. Environ Health. 2021;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-021-00705-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00705-2"},{"key":"971_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108061","volume":"178","author":"SA Carter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carter SA, Rahman MM, Lin JC, Chow T, Yu X, Martinez MP, et al. Maternal exposure to aircraft-emitted ultrafine particles during pregnancy and likelihood of ASD in children. Environ Int. 2023;178:108061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108061.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"971_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134317","volume":"471","author":"Q Qi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qi Q, Yu F, Nair AA, Lau SSS, Luo G, Mithu I, et al. Hidden danger: the long-term effect of ultrafine particles on mortality and its sociodemographic disparities in New York State. J Hazard Mater. 2024;471:134317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134317.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"971_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5732","volume":"128","author":"SE Wing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wing SE, Larson TV, Hudda N, Boonyarattaphan S, Fruin S, Ritz B. Preterm birth among infants exposed to in Utero ultrafine particles from aircraft emissions. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128:047002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP5732.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"971_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104950","volume":"68","author":"R-W He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He R-W, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Boere J, Fokkens P, Leseman D, Janssen NAH, et al. Comparative toxicity of ultrafine particles around a major airport in human bronchial epithelial (Calu-3) cell model at the air\u2013liquid interface. Toxicol Vitr. 2020;68:104950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104950.","journal-title":"Toxicol Vitr"},{"key":"971_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.382","volume":"640\u20131","author":"R-W He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He R-W, Shirmohammadi F, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Sioutas C, Cassee FR. Pro-inflammatory responses to PM0.25 from airport and urban traffic emissions. Sci Total Environ. 2018;640\u20131:997\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.382.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"971_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119521","volume":"307","author":"MN Delaval","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delaval MN, Jonsdottir HR, Leni Z, Keller A, Brem BT, Siegerist F, et al. Responses of reconstituted human bronchial epithelia from normal and health-compromised donors to non-volatile particulate matter emissions from an aircraft turbofan engine. Environ Pollut. 2022;307:119521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119521.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"971_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0332-7","volume":"2","author":"HR Jonsdottir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jonsdottir HR, Delaval M, Leni Z, Keller A, Brem BT, Siegerist F, et al. Non-volatile particle emissions from aircraft turbine engines at ground idle induce oxidative stress in bronchial cells. Commun Biol Nat Publ Group. 2019;2:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-019-0332-7.","journal-title":"Commun Biol Nat Publ Group"},{"key":"971_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.04.022","volume":"254","author":"DR Mattie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mattie DR, Sterner TR. Past, present, and emerging toxicity issues for jet fuel. Toxicol Appl Pharm. 2011;254:127\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2010.04.022.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharm"},{"key":"971_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.03.002","volume":"11","author":"AI Amhamed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amhamed AI, Assaf AHA, Le Page LM, Alrebei OF. Alternative sustainable aviation fuel and energy (SAFE)- a review with selected simulation cases of study. Energy Rep. 2024;11:3317\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.03.002.","journal-title":"Energy Rep"},{"key":"971_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccst.2024.100263","volume":"13","author":"B Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang B, Ting ZJ, Zhao M. Sustainable aviation fuels: Key opportunities and challenges in lowering carbon emissions for the aviation industry. Carbon Capture Sci Technol. 2024;13:100263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccst.2024.100263.","journal-title":"Carbon Capture Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.3390\/en17112650","volume":"17","author":"R Khujamberdiev","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khujamberdiev R, Cho HM. Biofuels in aviation: exploring the impact of sustainable aviation fuels in aircraft engines. Energies. 2024;17:2650 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17112650.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"971_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2021.11.095","volume":"59","author":"P Kurzawska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurzawska P. Overview of sustainable aviation fuels, including emissions of particulate matter and harmful gaseous exhaust gas compounds. Transp Res Procedia. 2021;59:38\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trpro.2021.11.095.","journal-title":"Transp Res Procedia"},{"key":"971_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107819","volume":"210","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang L, Oladejo J, Dawodu A, Yang L, Xiao Y. Sustainable jet fuel from municipal solid waste\u2013investigation of carbon negativity and affordability claims. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2024;210:107819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2024.107819.","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"971_CR41","unstructured":"IATA. Air Travel Reaches 99% of 2019 Levels as Recovery Continues in November. 2024. https:\/\/www.iata.org\/en\/pressroom\/2024-releases\/2024-01-10-01\/."},{"key":"971_CR42","unstructured":"IEA. Renewables 2024. 2024. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/renewables-2024"},{"key":"971_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13149","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b04167","volume":"49","author":"BT Brem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brem BT, Durdina L, Siegerist F, Beyerle P, Bruderer K, Rindlisbacher T, et al. Effects of fuel aromatic content on nonvolatile particulate emissions of an in-production aircraft gas turbine. Environ Sci Technol. 2015;49:13149\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5b04167.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4969","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06244","volume":"52","author":"T Schripp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schripp T, Anderson B, Crosbie EC, Moore RH, Herrmann F, O\u00dfwald P, et al. Impact of alternative jet fuels on engine exhaust composition during the 2015 ECLIF ground-based measurements campaign. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52:4969\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.7b06244.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8821","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b00780","volume":"33","author":"JS Kinsey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kinsey JS, Squier W, Timko M, Dong Y, Logan R. Characterization of the fine particle emissions from the use of two Fischer\u2013Tropsch fuels in a CFM56-2C1 commercial aircraft engine. Energy Fuels. 2019;33:8821\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b00780.","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"971_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D08 Committee. Classification for Size of Aggregate Used as Ballast for Membrane Roof Systems. ASTM International; 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/D7655_D7655M-12R17","DOI":"10.1520\/D7655_D7655M-12R17"},{"key":"971_CR47","unstructured":"SAF Conversion processes.2026. https:\/\/www.icao.int\/SAF\/saf-conversion-processes."},{"key":"971_CR48","unstructured":"Virgin Atlantic flies world\u2019s first 100% Sustainable Aviation Fuel flight from London Heathrow to New York JFK.2025. https:\/\/corporate.virginatlantic.com\/gb\/en\/media\/press-releases\/worlds-first-sustainable-aviation-fuel-flight.html."},{"key":"971_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.09.056","volume":"54","author":"C Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang C, Hui X, Lin Y, Sung C-J. Recent development in studies of alternative jet fuel combustion: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;54:120\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2015.09.056.","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"971_CR50","unstructured":"ReFuelEU Aviation\u2014European Commission. 2025. https:\/\/transport.ec.europa.eu\/transport-modes\/air\/environment\/refueleu-aviation_en."},{"key":"971_CR51","unstructured":"EIA. U.S. production capacity for sustainable aviation fuel to grow - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2024. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=62504."},{"key":"971_CR52","unstructured":"EIA. U.S. sustainable aviation fuel production takes off as new capacity comes online - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2025. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=65204."},{"key":"971_CR53","unstructured":"Use of Sustainable Aviation Fuels Taking Off. 2025. https:\/\/www.flysea.org\/news\/use-sustainable-aviation-fuels-taking."},{"key":"971_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32306","volume":"10","author":"FC Ya\u015far Din\u00e7er","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ya\u015far Din\u00e7er FC, Yirmibe\u015fo\u011flu G, Bili\u015fli Y, Ar\u0131k E, Akg\u00fcn H. Trends and emerging research directions of sustainable aviation: a bibliometric analysis. Heliyon. 2024;10:e32306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32306.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"971_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5883","DOI":"10.1021\/ef100727t","volume":"24","author":"MT Timko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Timko MT, Yu Z, Onasch TB, Wong H-W, Miake-Lye RC, Beyersdorf AJ, et al. Particulate emissions of gas turbine engine combustion of a Fischer\u2212Tropsch synthetic fuel. Energy Fuels Am Chem Soc. 2010;24:5883\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ef100727t.","journal-title":"Energy Fuels Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"971_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-11-2014","volume":"14","author":"AJ Beyersdorf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beyersdorf AJ, Timko MT, Ziemba LD, Bulzan D, Corporan E, Herndon SC, et al. Reductions in aircraft particulate emissions due to the use of Fischer\u2013Tropsch fuels. Atmos Chem Phys. 2014;14:11\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-11-2014.","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"971_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reksowardojo IK, Duong LH, Zain R, Hartono F, Marno S, Rustyawan W, et al. Performance and exhaust emissions of a gas-turbine engine fueled with Biojet\/Jet A-1 blends for the development of aviation biofuel in tropical regions. 2020; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en13246570","DOI":"10.3390\/en13246570"},{"key":"971_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.06.060","volume":"182","author":"RH Sundararaj","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sundararaj RH, Kumar RD, Raut AK, Sekar TC, Pandey V, Kushari A, et al. Combustion and emission characteristics from biojet fuel blends in a gas turbine combustor. Energy. 2019;182:689\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2019.06.060.","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"971_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.115903","volume":"256","author":"T Schripp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schripp T, Herrmann F, O\u00dfwald P, K\u00f6hler M, Zschocke A, Weigelt D, et al. Particle emissions of two unblended alternative jet fuels in a full-scale jet engine. Fuel. 2019;256:115903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.115903.","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"971_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace8020025","volume":"8","author":"R Przysowa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Przysowa R, Gawron B, Bia\u0142ecki T, \u0141\u0119gowik A, Merkisz J, Jasi\u0144ski R. Performance and emissions of a microturbine and turbofan powered by alternative fuels. Aerospace. 2021;8:25 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/aerospace8020025.","journal-title":"Aerospace"},{"key":"971_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-024-00798-w","volume":"11","author":"Z Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Z, Yu S, Yang X. Insight of effects of air quality and sustainable aviation fuel blend on energy saving and emission reduction in airports. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2024;11:84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40643-024-00798-w.","journal-title":"Bioresour Bioprocess"},{"key":"971_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11255","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-11255-2024","volume":"24","author":"R Dischl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dischl R, Sauer D, Voigt C, Harla\u00df T, Sakellariou F, M\u00e4rkl R, et al. Measurements of particle emissions of an A350-941 burning 100\u2009% sustainable aviation fuels in cruise. Atmos Chem Phys Copernicus GmbH. 2024;24:11255\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-24-11255-2024.","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys Copernicus GmbH"},{"key":"971_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21420","volume":"543","author":"RH Moore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moore RH, Thornhill KL, Weinzierl B, Sauer D, D\u2019Ascoli E, Kim J, et al. Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions. Nature. 2017;543:411\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature21420.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"971_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7218","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c00260","volume":"34","author":"S Tran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tran S, Brown A, Olfert JS. Comparison of particle number emissions from in-flight aircraft fueled with Jet A1, JP-5 and an alcohol-to-jet fuel blend. Energy Fuels. 2020;34:7218\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.0c00260.","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"971_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-021-00174-y","volume":"2","author":"C Voigt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Voigt C, Kleine J, Sauer D, Moore RH, Br\u00e4uer T, Le Clercq P, et al. Cleaner- burning aviation fuels can reduce contrail cloudiness. Commun Earth Environ. 2021;2:114 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43247-021-00174-y.","journal-title":"Commun Earth Environ"},{"key":"971_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12865","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02513","volume":"53","author":"L Durdina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Durdina L, Brem BT, Sch\u00f6nenberger D, Siegerist F, Anet JG, Rindlisbacher T. Nonvolatile particulate matter emissions of a business jet measured at ground level and estimated for cruising altitudes. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53:12865\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.9b02513.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.02.010","volume":"44","author":"JS Kinsey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kinsey JS, Dong Y, Williams DC, Logan R. Physical characterization of the fine particle emissions from commercial aircraft engines during the Aircraft Particle Emissions eXperiment (APEX) 1\u20133. Atmos Environ. 2010;44:2147\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2010.02.010.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000132","volume":"132","author":"MT Timko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Timko MT, Onasch TB, Northway MJ, Jayne JT, Canagaratna MR, Herndon SC, et al. Gas turbine engine emissions\u2014part II: chemical properties of particulate matter. J Eng Gas Turbines Power. 2010;132:061505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4000132.","journal-title":"J Eng Gas Turbines Power"},{"key":"971_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106958","volume":"158","author":"C Arter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arter C, Buonocore J, Moniruzzaman C, Yang D, Huang J, Arunachalam S. Air quality and health-related impacts of traditional and alternate jet fuels from airport aircraft operations in the U.S. Environ Int. 2022;158:106958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106958.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"971_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.04.048","volume":"185","author":"G Benosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benosa G, Zhu S, Kinnon MM, Dabdub D. Air quality impacts of implementing emission reduction strategies in Southern California. Atmos Environ. 2018;185:121\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.04.048.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2025.121280","volume":"355","author":"MN Blanco","year":"2025","unstructured":"Blanco MN, Louie MS, Liu N, Mishra SK, Austin E. Quantifying health benefits of sustainable aviation fuels: modeling decreased ultrafine particle emissions and associated impacts on communities near the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. Atmos Environ. 2025;355:121280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2025.121280.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14576","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04744","volume":"55","author":"L Durdina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Durdina L, Brem BT, Elser M, Sch\u00f6nenberger D, Siegerist F, Anet JG. Reduction of nonvolatile particulate matter emissions of a commercial turbofan engine at the ground level from the use of a sustainable aviation fuel blend. Environ Sci Technol. 2021;55:14576\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.1c04744.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10744","DOI":"10.1021\/es201902e","volume":"45","author":"P Lobo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lobo P, Hagen DE, Whitefield PD. Comparison of PM emissions from a commercial jet engine burning conventional, biomass, and Fischer\u2013Tropsch fuels. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45:10744\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es201902e.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.124764","volume":"325","author":"T Schripp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schripp T, Anderson BE, Bauder U, Rauch B, Corbin JC, Smallwood GJ, et al. Aircraft engine particulate matter emissions from sustainable aviation fuels: Results from ground-based measurements during the NASA\/DLR campaign ECLIF2\/ND-MAX. Fuel. 2022;325:124764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.124764.","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"971_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c08152","volume":"58","author":"NV Heeb","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heeb NV, Mu\u00f1oz M, Haag R, Wyss S, Sch\u00f6nenberger D, Durdina L, et al. Corelease of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nanoparticles from a commercial aircraft jet engine \u2013 dependence on fuel and thrust. Environ Sci Technol. 2024;58:1615\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.3c08152.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3368","DOI":"10.3390\/en14123368","volume":"14","author":"R Jasi\u0144ski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jasi\u0144ski R, Kurzawska P, Przysowa R. Characterization of particle emissions from a DGEN 380 small turbofan fueled with ATJ blends. Energies. 2021;14:3368 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14123368.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"971_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3390\/en17051077","volume":"17","author":"R Jasi\u0144ski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jasi\u0144ski R, Przysowa R. Evaluating the impact of using HEFA fuel on the particulate matter emissions from a turbine engine. Energies. 2024;17:1077 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en17051077.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"971_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7648","DOI":"10.1021\/es200921t","volume":"45","author":"BH Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee BH, Santoni GW, Wood EC, Herndon SC, Miake-Lye RC, Zahniser MS, et al. Measurements of nitrous acid in commercial aircraft exhaust at the alternative aviation fuel experiment. Environ Sci Technol Am Chem Soc. 2011;45:7648\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es200921t.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"971_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119606","volume":"288","author":"T Schripp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schripp T, Grein T, Zinsmeister J, O\u00dfwald P, K\u00f6hler M, M\u00fcller-Langer F, et al. Technical application of a ternary alternative jet fuel blend \u2013 Chemical characterization and impact on jet engine particle emission. Fuel. 2021;288:119606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119606.","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"971_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174128","volume":"945","author":"Z Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu Z, Wang M, Chang L, Pan K, Shen X, Zhong S, et al. Assessing the particulate matter emission reduction characteristics of small turbofan engine fueled with 100% HEFA sustainable aviation fuel. Sci Total Environ. 2024;945:174128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174128.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"971_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2514\/1.43928","volume":"26","author":"E Corporan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Corporan E, DeWitt MJ, Klingshirn CD, Striebich R, Cheng M-D. Emissions characteristics of military helicopter engines with JP-8 and Fischer-Tropsch fuels. J Propuls Power. 2010;26:317\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.43928.","journal-title":"J Propuls Power"},{"key":"971_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos15030308","volume":"15","author":"LD Smith","year":"2024","unstructured":"Smith LD, Harper J, Durand E, Crayford A, Johnson M, Coe H, et al. Examination of the influence of alternative fuels on particulate matter properties emitted from a non-proprietary combustor. Atmosphere. 2024;15:308 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/atmos15030308.","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"971_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2021.105869","volume":"159","author":"LD Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith LD, Allan J, Coe H, Reyes-Villegas E, Johnson MP, Crayford A, et al. Examining chemical composition of gas turbine-emitted organic aerosol using positive matrix factorisation (PMF). J Aerosol Sci. 2022;159:105869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2021.105869.","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"971_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.2514\/1.26406","volume":"23","author":"CC Wey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wey CC, Anderson BE, Wey C, Miake-Lye RC, Whitefield P, Howard R. Overview on the aircraft particle emissions experiment (APEX). J Propuls Power. 2007;23:898\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.26406.","journal-title":"J Propuls Power"},{"key":"971_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.116974","volume":"218","author":"Z Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu Z, Timko MT, Herndon SC, Miake-Lye RC, Beyersdorf AJ, Ziemba LD, et al. Mode-specific, semi-volatile chemical composition of particulate matter emissions from a commercial gas turbine aircraft engine. Atmos Environ. 2019;218:116974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.116974.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7379-2018","volume":"18","author":"D K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","year":"2018","unstructured":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 D, El Haddad I, Brem BT, Bruns E, Bozetti C, Corbin J, et al. Identification of secondary aerosol precursors emitted by an aircraft turbofan. Atmos Chem Phys. 2018;18:7379\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-18-7379-2018.","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"971_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2019.105467","volume":"139","author":"M Saffaripour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saffaripour M, Thomson KA, Smallwood GJ, Lobo P. A review on the morphological properties of non-volatile particulate matter emissions from aircraft turbine engines. J Aerosol Sci. 2020;139:105467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2019.105467.","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"971_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3223","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-15-3223-2022","volume":"15","author":"JC Corbin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Corbin JC, Schripp T, Anderson BE, Smallwood GJ, LeClercq P, Crosbie EC, et al. Aircraft-engine particulate matter emissions from conventional and sustainable aviation fuel combustion: comparison of measurement techniques for mass, number, and size. Atmos Meas Tech. 2022;15:3223\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/amt-15-3223-2022.","journal-title":"Atmos Meas Tech"},{"key":"971_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2016.11.018","volume":"105","author":"D Delhaye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Delhaye D, Ouf F-X, Ferry D, Ortega IK, Penanhoat O, Peillon S, et al. The MERMOSE project: characterization of particulate matter emissions of a commercial aircraft engine. J Aerosol Sci. 2017;105:48\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2016.11.018.","journal-title":"J Aerosol Sci"},{"key":"971_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10975","DOI":"10.1021\/es501809b","volume":"48","author":"A Liati","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liati A, Brem BT, Durdina L, V\u00f6gtli M, Arroyo Rojas Dasilva Y, Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler P, et al. Electron microscopic study of soot particulate matter emissions from aircraft turbine engines. Environ Sci Technol. 2014;48:10975\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es501809b.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.combustflame.2013.09.003","volume":"161","author":"RL Vander Wal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vander Wal RL, Bryg VM, Huang C-H. Aircraft engine particulate matter: Macro- micro- and nanostructure by HRTEM and chemistry by XPS. Combust Flame. 2014;161:602\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.combustflame.2013.09.003.","journal-title":"Combust Flame"},{"key":"971_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.078","volume":"247","author":"A Liati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liati A, Schreiber D, Alpert PA, Liao Y, Brem BT, Corral Arroyo P, et al. Aircraft soot from conventional fuels and biofuels during ground idle and climb-out conditions: electron microscopy and X-ray micro-spectroscopy. Environ Pollut. 2019;247:658\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.01.078.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"971_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142958","volume":"363","author":"G Melzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Melzi G, Van Triel J, Durand E, Crayford A, Ortega IK, Barrellon-Vernay R, et al. Toxicological evaluation of primary particulate matter emitted from combustion of aviation fuel. Chemosphere. 2024;363:142958. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142958.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"971_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2514\/1.B35367","volume":"31","author":"TJ Johnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson TJ, Olfert JS, Symonds JPR, Johnson M, Rindlisbacher T, Swanson JJ, et al. Effective density and mass-mobility exponent of aircraft turbine particulate matter. J Propuls Power Am Inst Aeronautics Astronautics. 2015;31:573\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.B35367.","journal-title":"J Propuls Power Am Inst Aeronautics Astronautics"},{"key":"971_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2017.1292346","volume":"51","author":"JS Olfert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olfert JS, Dickau M, Momenimovahed A, Saffaripour M, Thomson K, Smallwood G, et al. Effective density and volatility of particles sampled from a helicopter gas turbine engine. Aerosol Sci Technol Taylor Francis. 2017;51:704\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02786826.2017.1292346.","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci Technol Taylor Francis"},{"key":"971_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7075","DOI":"10.1021\/es200897h","volume":"45","author":"GW Santoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Santoni GW, Lee BH, Wood EC, Herndon SC, Miake-Lye RC, Wofsy SC, et al. Aircraft emissions of methane and nitrous oxide during the alternative aviation fuel experiment. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45:7075\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es200897h.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.11.058","volume":"84","author":"H Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li H, Altaher MA, Wilson CW, Blakey S, Chung W, Rye L. Quantification of aldehyde emissions from alternative and renewable aviation fuels using a gas turbine engine. Atmos Environ. 2014;84:373\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.11.058.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jurkat T, Voigt C, Arnold F, Schlager H, Kleffmann J, Aufmhoff H, et al. Measurements of HONO, NO, NOy and SO2 in aircraft exhaust plumes at cruise. Geophys Res Lett. 2011;38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011GL046884","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL046884"},{"key":"971_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL00512","volume":"25","author":"J Curtius","year":"1998","unstructured":"Curtius J, Sierau B, Arnold F, Baumann R, Busen R, Schulte P, et al. First direct sulfuric acid detection in the exhaust plume of a jet aircraft in flight. Geophys Res Lett. 1998;25:923 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/98GL00512.","journal-title":"Geophys Res Lett"},{"key":"971_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schumann U, Arnold F, Busen R, Curtius J, K\u00e4rcher B, Kiendler A, et al. Influence of fuel sulfur on the composition of aircraft exhaust plumes: the experiments SULFUR 1\u20137. J Geophys Res Atmospheres. 2002;107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2001JD000813","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000813"},{"key":"971_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17029","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-17029-2018","volume":"18","author":"MB Trueblood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trueblood MB, Lobo P, Hagen DE, Achterberg SC, Liu W, Whitefield PD. Application of a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer for characterizing PM emissions in exhaust plumes from an aircraft engine burning conventional and alternative fuels. Atmos Chem Phys. 2018;18:17029\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-18-17029-2018.","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"971_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ASTM International. (2022). ASTM D1655-22: Standard specification for aviation turbine fuels. ASTM International. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/D1655-22.","DOI":"10.1520\/D1655-22"},{"key":"971_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5484","DOI":"10.3390\/app14135484","volume":"14","author":"Z Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song Z, Li Z, Liu Z. Comparison of emission properties of sustainable aviation fuels and conventional aviation fuels: a review. Appl Sci. 2024;14:5484 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app14135484.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"971_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4031226","volume":"138","author":"TW Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan TW, Chishty WA, Canteenwalla P, Buote D, Davison CR. Characterization of emissions from the use of alternative aviation fuels. J Eng Gas Turbines Power. 2016;138:011506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4031226.","journal-title":"J Eng Gas Turbines Power"},{"key":"971_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harlass T, Dischl R, Kaufmann S, M\u00e4rkl R, Sauer D, Scheibe M, et al. Measurement report: In-flight and ground-based measurements of nitrogen oxide emissions from latest-generation jet engines and 100% sustainable aviation fuel. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-2024-454","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2024-454"},{"key":"971_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.06.031","volume":"116","author":"ET Turgut","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turgut ET, Cavcar M, Yay OD, Ucarsu M, Yilmaz E, Usanmaz O, et al. A gaseous emissions analysis of commercial aircraft engines during test-cell run. Atmos Environ. 2015;116:102\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.06.031.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Okai K, Mizuno T, Fujiwara H, Makida M, Shimodaira K, Oinuma H, et al. Emission and model-engine operation with SAF (Sustainable Aviation Fuel) produced through the integrated process of woody biomass gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. AIAA Propuls Energy 2021 Forum. VIRTUAL EVENT: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/6.2021-3449","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2021-3449"},{"key":"971_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10805","DOI":"10.1021\/es301898u","volume":"46","author":"P Lobo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lobo P, Rye L, Williams PI, Christie S, Uryga-Bugajska I, Wilson CW, et al. Impact of alternative fuels on emissions characteristics of a gas turbine engine \u2013 Part 1: gaseous and particulate matter emissions. Environ Sci Technol. 2012;46:10805\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es301898u.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.3390\/en14071858","volume":"14","author":"P Kurzawska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurzawska P, Jasi\u0144ski R. Overview of sustainable aviation fuels with emission characteristic and particle emissions of the turbine engine fueled ATJ blends with different percentages of ATJ fuel. Energies. 2021;14:1858 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14071858.","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"971_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.10.045","volume":"100","author":"M Winther","year":"2015","unstructured":"Winther M, Kousgaard U, Ellermann T, Massling A, N\u00f8jgaard JK, Ketzel M. Emissions of NO x, particle mass and particle numbers from aircraft main engines, APU\u2019s and handling equipment at Copenhagen Airport. Atmos Environ. 2015;100:218\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.10.045.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.125661","volume":"368","author":"Z Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu Z, Fan Y, Zheng Y, Ding S, Zhu M, Li G, et al. Emission reduction characteristics of heavy-fuel aircraft piston engine fueled with 100% HEFA sustainable aviation fuel. Environ Pollut. 2025;368:125661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2025.125661.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"971_CR112","unstructured":"Hamilton BA. Emissions quantification methodology report. 2019. https:\/\/onlinepubs.trb.org\/onlinepubs\/acrp\/acrp_wod_41.pdf"},{"key":"971_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10100617","volume":"10","author":"M Gualtieri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gualtieri M, Berico M, Grollino M, Cremona G, La Torretta T, Malaguti A, et al. Emission factors of CO2 and airborne pollutants and toxicological potency of biofuels for airplane transport: a preliminary assessment. Toxics. 2022;10:617 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics10100617.","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"971_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.031","volume":"118","author":"R Habre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Habre R, Zhou H, Eckel SP, Enebish T, Fruin S, Bastain T, et al. Short-term effects of airport-associated ultrafine particle exposure on lung function and inflammation in adults with asthma. Environ Int. 2018;118:48\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.031.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"971_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105779","volume":"141","author":"A Lammers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lammers A, Janssen NAH, Boere AJF, Berger M, Longo C, Vijverberg SJH, et al. Effects of short-term exposures to ultrafine particles near an airport in healthy subjects. Environ Int. 2020;141:105779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105779.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"971_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113803","volume":"237","author":"L Selley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Selley L, Lammers A, Le Guennec A, Pirhadi M, Sioutas C, Janssen N, et al. Alterations to the urinary metabolome following semi-controlled short exposures to ultrafine particles at a major airport. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2021;237:113803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113803.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"971_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036006","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/3\/036006","volume":"10","author":"C Marie-Desvergne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marie-Desvergne C, Dubosson M, Touri L, Zimmermann E, Gaude-M\u00f4me M, Leclerc L, et al. Assessment of nanoparticles and metal exposure of airport workers using exhaled breath condensate. J Breath Res. 2016;10:036006 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1752-7155\/10\/3\/036006.","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"971_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae087","volume":"69","author":"L Touri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Touri L, Tarantini A, Suehs C, Nogu\u00e9 E, Marie-Desvergne C, Dubosson M, et al. Occupational exposure to aerosols in two French airports: multi-year lung function changes. Ann Work Expo Health. 2025;69:17\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annweh\/wxae087.","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"971_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-23-0924","volume":"33","author":"A Bookstein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bookstein A, Po J, Tseng C, Larson TV, Yang J, Park SL, et al. Association between airport ultrafine particles and lung cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2024;33:703\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-23-0924.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"971_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00555-9","volume":"34","author":"Y Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Y, Craig E, Liu X, Ge Y, Brunner J, Wang X, et al. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene in pregnant women in a Northeastern U.S. city: socioeconomic disparity and contributions from air pollution sources. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2024;34:407\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-023-00555-9.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"971_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108759","volume":"188","author":"ES Lenssen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lenssen ES, Janssen NAH, Oldenwening M, Meliefste K, De Jonge D, Kamstra RJM, et al. Beyond the runway: respiratory health effects of ultrafine particles from aviation in children. Environ Int. 2024;188:108759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108759.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"971_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1021\/envhealth.4c00102","volume":"3","author":"M Rong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rong M, Shen Y, Ge Y, Du W, Kan H, Cai J, et al. Association between ambient ultrafine particles and neurodevelopmental delay in preschoolers in Shanghai, China. Environ Health. 2025;3:102\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/envhealth.4c00102.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"971_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1021\/es103880d","volume":"45","author":"JS Kinsey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kinsey JS, Hays MD, Dong Y, Williams DC, Logan R. Chemical characterization of the fine particle emissions from commercial aircraft engines during the aircraft particle emissions experiment (APEX) 1 to 3. Environ Sci Technol. 2011;45:3415\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es103880d.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"971_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12853","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c04799","volume":"59","author":"BD van Loenen","year":"2025","unstructured":"van Loenen BD, Black-Ingersoll F, Durant JL, Levy JI, Patil P, Mueller SC, et al. Aircraft arrival and departure contributions to ultrafine particle size distribution in a near-airport community. Environ Sci Technol Am Chem Soc. 2025;59:12853\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.est.5c04799.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"971_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.09.045","volume":"63","author":"KH Kozawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kozawa KH, Winer AM, Fruin SA. Ultrafine particle size distributions near freeways: effects of differing wind directions on exposure. Atmos Environ. 2012;63:250\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.09.045.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestair.3c00114","volume":"1","author":"J Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu J, Farrar E, Jeong C-H, Jaafar W, Anwar D, Nielsen I, et al. Aircraft activities and ultrafine particle concentrations near a city airport: insights from a measurement campaign in Toronto, Canada. ACS EST Air Am Chem Soc. 2024;1:801\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsestair.3c00114.","journal-title":"ACS EST Air Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"971_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052020-010820","volume":"43","author":"M Negev","year":"2022","unstructured":"Negev M, Zea-Reyes L, Caputo L, Weinmayr G, Potter C, De Nazelle A. Barriers and enablers for integrating public health co-benefits in urban climate policy. Annu Rev Public Health. 2022;43:255\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052020-010820.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"971_CR128","unstructured":"SB 5447 Washington State Legislature. 2023. https:\/\/app.leg.wa.gov\/billsummary?BillNumber=5447&Year=2023."},{"key":"971_CR129","unstructured":"Austin E, Blanco MN, Cheong Y, Shirai J, Liu N, Larson T, et al. Sustainable Aviation Fuel Use at Washington State International Airport: Regional Air Quality Benefits. 2025. https:\/\/seatacnoise.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/UWDEOHS-ATJ-SAF-Use-at-WA-State-International-Airport-2025.pdf"},{"key":"971_CR130","unstructured":"Our work | Cascadia Sustainable Aviation Accelerator. 2026. https:\/\/www.cascadiaaccelerator.org\/our-work."},{"key":"971_CR131","unstructured":"Sustainable Aviation Fuels. 2025. https:\/\/www.portseattle.org\/page\/sustainable-aviation-fuels."},{"key":"971_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-071723-024649","volume":"46","author":"ML Bell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bell ML, Gillingham KT. The health impacts of transitioning away from fossil fuels toward cleaner energy. Annu Rev Public Health. 2025;46:315\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-071723-024649.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"971_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.02.009","volume":"104","author":"JD Sacks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sacks JD, Lloyd JM, Zhu Y, Anderton J, Jang CJ, Hubbell B, et al. The environmental benefits mapping and analysis program \u2013 community edition (BenMAP\u2013CE): a tool to estimate the health and economic benefits of reducing air pollution. Environ Model Softw. 2018;104:118\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2018.02.009.","journal-title":"Environ Model Softw"},{"key":"971_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.05.074","volume":"77","author":"MG Snyder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Snyder MG, Venkatram A, Heist DK, Perry SG, Petersen WB, Isakov V. RLINE: a line source dispersion model for near-surface releases. Atmos Environ. 2013;77:748\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.05.074.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"971_CR135","unstructured":"Shumway MA, Boeker E, Gorshkov S, Hansen A, Hwang S, Koopmann J, et al. Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) technical manual: version 2c. 2016. https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov."},{"key":"971_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141472","volume":"449","author":"MJ Watson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Watson MJ, Machado PG, Da Silva AV, Saltar Y, Ribeiro CO, Nascimento CAO, et al. Sustainable aviation fuel technologies, costs, emissions, policies, and markets: a critical review. J Clean Prod. 2024;449:141472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141472.","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"}],"container-title":["Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00971-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00971-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00971-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:09:27Z","timestamp":1790788167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00971-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":136,"alternative-id":["971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-026-00971-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0631","1559-064X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0631","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-064X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}