{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:51:51Z","timestamp":1791474711912,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global public health threat, affects rural communities disproportionately due to their unique regional exposures, including proximity to animal feeding operations (AFOs), a source of AMR genes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated residential proximity to AFOs and the presence of AMR genes in the home dust resistome, the collection of antimicrobial resistant genes within a microbial community.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted metagenomic sequencing of 534 bedroom dust samples to characterize the resistome for a subset of homes of Iowa participants in the US Agricultural Health Study. We examined the association between the presence of AMR genes in dust samples and the total number of AFOs and distance-weighted number of livestock animal units (AUs) within 2, 5, and 10\u2009km of participant homes, using data from the Iowa Department of Natural Resources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Homes that were closer to a greater number of AFOs and AUs had increased odds of the presence of AMR genes in the dust, including genes resistant to multiple classes of antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that AFOs were positively related to the composition of the indoor home dust resistome, which may serve as a potential environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance with implications for the health of household occupants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study is the first to detect a positive association between the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in the indoor home dust resistome and residential proximity to animal feeding operations (AFOs), a known reservoir and possible source of AMR in rural communities. Our results indicate that both distance and density were important components of AFO-related AMR risk in rural residential environments. Overall, this suggests that environmental exposures can shape the indoor home dust resistome, which may have implications for the health of inhabitants and increase the risk of AMR infections.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-026-00982-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:09:42Z","timestamp":1791425382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Residential proximity to intensive animal agriculture associates with increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in homes"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0105-7098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn R.","family":"Dalton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikyeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared A.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Richards-Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Beane Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J.","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"982_CR1","unstructured":"CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antimicrobial Resistance 2025 [Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antimicrobial-resistance\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"982_CR2","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill J Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. London, UK; (2016)."},{"key":"982_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01728","volume":"7","author":"AC Singer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singer AC, Shaw H, Rhodes V, Hart A. Review of antimicrobial resistance in the environment and its relevance to environmental regulators. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1728.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"982_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00964-1","volume":"10","author":"JW Yau","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yau JW, Thor SM, Tsai D, Speare T, Rissel C. Antimicrobial stewardship in rural and remote primary health care: a narrative review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2021;10:105.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"982_CR5","unstructured":"EPA U Regulatory Definitions of Large CAFOs, Medium CAFO, and Small CAFOs. (2015)."},{"key":"982_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904","volume":"29","author":"EK Silbergeld","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silbergeld EK, Graham J, Price LB. Industrial food animal production, antimicrobial resistance, and human health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29:151\u201369.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"982_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang M, Achmon Y, Cao Y, Liang X, Chen L, Wang H, Siame BA, Leung KY. Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. Environmental Pollution. 2021;285:117402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117402"},{"key":"982_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16164","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-31899-w","volume":"31","author":"C Meyer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meyer C, Price S, Ercumen A. Do animal husbandry operations contaminate groundwater sources with antimicrobial resistance: systematic review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024;31:16164\u201376.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"982_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408555","volume":"123","author":"AD McEachran","year":"2015","unstructured":"McEachran AD, Blackwell BR, Hanson JD, Wooten KJ, Mayer GD, Cox SB, et al. Antibiotics, bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes: aerial transport from cattle feed yards via particulate matter. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123:337\u201343.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"982_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12292","volume":"64","author":"JH Leibler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leibler JH, Dalton K, Pekosz A, Gray GC, Silbergeld EK. Epizootics in industrial livestock production: preventable gaps in biosecurity and biocontainment. Zoonoses Public Health. 2017;64:137\u201345.","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"982_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00135","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00135-19","volume":"4","author":"P Escudeiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Escudeiro P, Pothier J, Dionisio F, Nogueira T. Antibiotic resistance gene diversity and virulence gene diversity are correlated in human gut and environmental microbiomes. mSphere. 2019;4:e00135\u201319.","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"982_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104362","volume":"104","author":"MCR Alavanja","year":"1996","unstructured":"Alavanja MCR, Sandler DP, McMaster SB, Hoar Zahm S, McDonnell CJ, Lynch CF, et al. The agricultural health study. Env Health Perspect. 1996;104:362\u20139.","journal-title":"Env Health Perspect"},{"key":"982_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP3145","volume":"126","author":"MK Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee MK, Carnes MU, Butz N, Azcarate-Peril MA, Richards M, Umbach DM, et al. Exposures related to house dust microbiota in a U.S. farming population. Environ Health Perspect. 2018;126:067001.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"982_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Z, Dalton KR, Lee M, Parks CG, Beane Freeman LE, Zhu Q, et al. Metagenomics reveals novel microbial signatures of farm exposures in house dust. Front Microbiol. 2023;14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1202194"},{"key":"982_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201611-861OC","volume":"14","author":"MU Carnes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carnes MU, Hoppin JA, Metwali N, Wyss AB, Hankinson JL, O\u2019Connell EL, et al. House dust endotoxin levels are associated with adult asthma in a U.S. farming population. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14:324\u201331.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"982_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","volume":"51","author":"BP Alcock","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alcock BP, Huynh W, Chalil R, Smith KW, Raphenya R, Amogelang, et al. CARD 2023: expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51:D690\u2013D9.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"982_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001186","volume":"31","author":"JA Fisher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fisher JA, Freeman LEB, Hofmann JN, Blair A, Parks CG, Thorne PS, et al. Residential Proximity to Intensive Animal Agriculture and Risk of Lymphohematopoietic Cancers in the Agricultural Health Study. Epidemiology. 2020;31:478\u201389.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"982_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-87-3-343","volume":"87","author":"F Mesinger","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mesinger F, Dimego G, Kalnay E, Mitchell K, Shafran PC, Ebisuzaki W, et al. North American regional reanalysis. Bull Am Meteorol Soc. 2006;87:343\u201360.","journal-title":"Bull Am Meteorol Soc"},{"key":"982_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040512","volume":"11","author":"A Vassallo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vassallo A, Kett S, Purchase D, Marvasi M. The bacterial urban resistome: recent advances. Antibiotics. 2022;11:512.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"982_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01044-7","volume":"9","author":"MHY Leung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leung MHY, Tong X, B\u00f8ifot KO, Bezdan D, Butler DJ, Danko DC, et al. Characterization of the public transit air microbiome and resistome reveals geographical specificity. Microbiome. 2021;9:112.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"982_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-025-00684-8","volume":"20","author":"S Awasthi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Awasthi S, Hiremath VM, Nain S, Malik S, Srinivasan V, Rose P, et al. Microbial landscape of Indian homes: the microbial diversity, pathogens and antimicrobial resistome in urban residential spaces. Environ Microbiome. 2025;20:25.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiome"},{"key":"982_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02928","volume":"9","author":"E Peterson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peterson E, Kaur P. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria: relationships between resistance determinants of antibiotic producers, environmental bacteria, and clinical pathogens. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2928.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"982_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21070916","volume":"21","author":"E Pohl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pohl E, Lee SR. Local and global public health and emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations in the USA: a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21:916.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"982_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166753","volume":"904","author":"CE Givens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Givens CE, Kolpin DW, Hubbard LE, Meppelink SM, Cwiertny DM, Thompson DA, et al. Simultaneous stream assessment of antibiotics, bacteria, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes in an agricultural region of the United States. Sci Total Environ. 2023;904:166753.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"982_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11071797","volume":"11","author":"M Baghdadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baghdadi M, Brassard P, Godbout S, Letourneau V, Turgeon N, Rossi F, et al. Contribution of manure-spreading operations to bioaerosols and antibiotic resistance genes\u2019 emission. Microorganisms. 2023;11:1797.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"982_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7746","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b07029","volume":"53","author":"MMT de Rooij","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Rooij MMT, Hoek G, Schmitt H, Janse I, Swart A, Maassen CBM, et al. Insights into livestock-related microbial concentrations in air at residential level in a livestock dense area. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53:7746\u201358.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Exposure Science &amp; Environmental Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00982-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00982-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00982-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:02:31Z","timestamp":1791471751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41370-026-00982-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-026-00982-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0631","1559-064X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0631","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-064X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 September 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The Institutional Review Board at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences approved the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}