{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:13:27Z","timestamp":1770905607606,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72104211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72104211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Hum Hypertens"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-025-01096-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T15:58:54Z","timestamp":1764086334000},"page":"80-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypertension in Chinese children: prevalence, phenotypes, stages, and associations with healthy lifestyles from a multi-visit study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longzhu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0196-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peige","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1096_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30344-8","volume":"5","author":"M Khoury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khoury M, Urbina EM. Hypertension in adolescents: diagnosis, treatment, and implications. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5:357\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"1096_CR2","first-page":"25","volume":"36","author":"China Cardiovascular Health and Disease Report Writing Group","year":"2021","unstructured":"China Cardiovascular Health and Disease Report Writing Group. Report on cardiovascular health and diseases burden in china:an updated summary of 2020. Chin Circ J. 2021;36:25.","journal-title":"Chin Circ J"},{"key":"1096_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3310","volume":"173","author":"P Song","year":"2019","unstructured":"Song P, Zhang Y, Yu J, Zha M, Zhu Y, Rahimi K, et al. Global prevalence of hypertension in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173:1154\u201363.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"1096_CR4","unstructured":"Chen L, Zhang Y, Ma T, Liu J, Shi D, Zhong P, et al. Prevalence trend of high normal blood pressure and elevated blood pressure in Chinese Han children and adolescents aged 7-17 years from 2010 to 2019. Chin J Prev Med. 2023;57:499\u2013507."},{"key":"1096_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002550","volume":"38","author":"L Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang L, Sun J, Zhao M, Liang Y, Bovet P, Xi B. Elevated blood pressure in childhood and hypertension risk in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2020;38:2346\u201355.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1096_CR6","first-page":"5","volume":"54","author":"J Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun J, Yang L, Yang L, Xi B. Elevated blood pressure in childhood or adolescence and early cardiovascular damage. Chin J Prev Med. 2020;54:5.","journal-title":"Chin J Prev Med"},{"key":"1096_CR7","first-page":"e101","volume":"80","author":"B Falkner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Falkner B, Gidding SS, Baker-Smith CM, Brady TM, Flynn JT, Malle LM, et al. Pediatric primary hypertension: an underrecognized condition: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979). 2023;80:e101\u2013e11.","journal-title":"Hypertension (Dallas, Tex : 1979)"},{"key":"1096_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.10.007","volume":"29","author":"Y Manios","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manios Y, Karatzi K, Moschonis G, Ioannou G, Androutsos O, Lionis C, et al. Lifestyle, anthropometric, socio-demographic and perinatal correlates of early adolescence hypertension: The Healthy Growth Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29:159\u201369.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"1096_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20976","volume":"34","author":"X Guo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guo X, Zheng L, Li Y, Yu S, Liu S, Zhou X, et al. Association between sleep duration and hypertension among Chinese children and adolescents. Clin Cardiol. 2011;34:774\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"1096_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2008.151","volume":"23","author":"C Lazarou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lazarou C, Panagiotakos DB, Matalas AL. Lifestyle factors are determinants of children\u2019s blood pressure levels: the CYKIDS study. J Hum Hypertens. 2009;23:456\u201363.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"1096_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.934854","volume":"10","author":"AE Mesas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mesas AE, Jimenez-L\u00f3pez E, Mart\u00ednez-Vizca\u00edno V, Fern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez R, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Garrido-Miguel M, et al. Are adherence to the Mediterranean diet and siesta individually or jointly associated with blood pressure in Spanish adolescents? Results from the EHDLA study. Front Public Health. 2022;10:934854.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1096_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.8.874","volume":"298","author":"ML Hansen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hansen ML, Gunn PW, Kaelber DC. Underdiagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2007;298:874\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1096_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac328","volume":"43","author":"G de Simone","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Simone G, Mancusi C, Hanssen H, Genovesi S, Lurbe E, Parati G, et al. Hypertension in children and adolescents. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:3290\u2013301.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1096_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.S2.555","volume":"114","author":"National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents","year":"2004","unstructured":"National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114:555\u201376.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1096_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2107C","volume":"128","author":"Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","year":"2011","unstructured":"Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128 (Suppl 5):S213\u201356. Suppl 5","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"1096_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044838","volume":"141","author":"H Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee H, Yano Y, Cho SMJ, Park JH, Park S, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Cardiovascular risk of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension in young adults. Circulation. 2020;141:1778\u201386.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1096_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04181","volume":"13","author":"Y Qi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi Y, Lv R, Zhao M, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, et al. Parental adherence to healthy lifestyles in relation to the risk of obesity in offspring: a prospective cohort study in China. J Glob Health. 2023;13:04181.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"1096_CR18","volume-title":"WS\/T 586-2018 Screening for overweight and obesity in school-age children and adolescents","author":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2018","unstructured":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. WS\/T 586-2018 Screening for overweight and obesity in school-age children and adolescents. Beijing: China Standard Press; 2018."},{"key":"1096_CR19","volume-title":"WS\/T 610-2018 Screening thresholds for high waist circumference in children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years.","author":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2018","unstructured":"National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. WS\/T 610-2018 Screening thresholds for high waist circumference in children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years. Beijing: China Standard Press; 2018."},{"key":"1096_CR20","first-page":"434","volume":"46","author":"B Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu B, Jiang R, Li P, Liu C, Li L. Cutoff waist-to-height and waist-to-hip ratios for metabolic syndrome in Chinese children and adolescents. J China Med Univ. 2017;46:434\u20138.","journal-title":"J China Med Univ"},{"key":"1096_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S311","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0151","volume":"41","author":"MS Tremblay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tremblay MS, Carson V, Chaput JP, Connor Gorber S, Dinh T, Duggan M, et al. Canadian 24-Hour movement guidelines for children and youth: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:S311\u201327.","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"1096_CR22","first-page":"246","volume":"36","author":"Y Jin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jin Y, Ma G. Dietary diversity evaluation method and application. Foreign Med Sci. 2009;36:246\u201351.","journal-title":"Foreign Med Sci"},{"key":"1096_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"26","author":"China Obesity Working Group","year":"2004","unstructured":"China Obesity Working Group. Guidelines for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults (abridged). J Nutr. 2004;26:1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"1096_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4381-x","volume":"17","author":"W Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao W, Yu K, Tan S, Zheng Y, Zhao A, Wang P, et al. Dietary diversity scores: an indicator of micronutrient inadequacy instead of obesity for Chinese children. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:440.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1096_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14173528","volume":"14","author":"R Lian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lian R, Wang ZH, Zou ZY, Dong YH, Yang YD, Ma J. Does a healthy lifestyle lower the elevated risk of obesity caused by caesarian section delivery in children and adolescents? Nutrients. 2022;14:3528.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1096_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14101999","volume":"14","author":"J Dang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dang J, Chen T, Ma N, Liu Y, Zhong P, Shi D, et al. Associations between breastfeeding duration and obesity phenotypes and the offsetting effect of a healthy lifestyle. Nutrients. 2022;14:1999.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1096_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"019","author":"Chinese Hypertension League, Chinese Society of Cardiology","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chinese Hypertension League, Chinese Society of Cardiology. 2018 Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension. Chin J Cardiovasc Med. 2019;019:1\u201344.","journal-title":"Chin J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"1096_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282ef48b2","volume":"25","author":"A Chiolero","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chiolero A, Cachat F, Burnier M, Paccaud F, Bovet P. Prevalence of hypertension in schoolchildren based on repeated measurements and association with overweight. J Hypertens. 2007;25:2209\u201317.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1096_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002977","volume":"40","author":"J Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong J, Dong H, Yan Y, Cheng H, Zhao X, Mi J. Prevalence of hypertension and hypertension phenotypes after three visits in Chinese urban children. J Hypertens. 2022;40:1270\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"1096_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2016.179","volume":"40","author":"J Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun J, Steffen LM, Ma C, Liang Y, Xi B. Definition of pediatric hypertension: are blood pressure measurements on three separate occasions necessary? Hypertens Res. 2017;40:496\u2013503.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"key":"1096_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00437-9","volume":"18","author":"PL Valenzuela","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valenzuela PL, Carrera-Bastos P, G\u00e1lvez BG, Ruiz-Hurtado G, Ordovas JM, Ruilope LM, et al. Lifestyle interventions for the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18:251\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"1096_CR32","first-page":"603","volume":"32","author":"Revision Committee of Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension, Chinese Hypertension Alliance, Hypertension Branch of the China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Hypertension Branch of the Chinese Geriatrics Society, Hypertension Branch of the Chinese Aging Well Association, Chinese Society of Stroke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Revision Committee of Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension, Chinese Hypertension Alliance, Hypertension Branch of the China International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, Hypertension Branch of the Chinese Geriatrics Society, Hypertension Branch of the Chinese Aging Well Association, Chinese Society of Stroke. et al. 2024 Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of hypertension. Chin J Hypertension. 2024;32:603\u2013700.","journal-title":"Chin J Hypertension"},{"key":"1096_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000158690.78503.5F","volume":"111","author":"P Verdecchia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Verdecchia P, Angeli F. Natural history of hypertension subtypes. Circulation. 2005;111:1094\u20136.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1096_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103373","volume":"13","author":"MR Islam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Islam MR, Moinuddin M, Saqib SM, Rahman SM. Relationship of anthropometric indicators of general and abdominal obesity with hypertension and their predictive performance among albanians: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2021;13:3373.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1096_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3667","volume":"48","author":"GB Ehret","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ehret GB, Ferreira T, Chasman DI, Jackson AU, Schmidt EM, Johnson T, et al. The genetics of blood pressure regulation and its target organs from association studies in 342,415 individuals. Nat Genet. 2016;48:1171\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Human Hypertension"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41371-025-01096-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41371-025-01096-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41371-025-01096-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T13:22:26Z","timestamp":1770902546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41371-025-01096-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41371-025-01096-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-5527"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-5527","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Approval No. 2021-029). All children and their parents gave their oral and written consent, respectively, after being fully informed. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}