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This study aimed to determine whether specific bacterial species in the placenta of extremely preterm pregnancies are associated with neurological deficits later in life.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using data from 807 children in the ELGAN study the risks of a low score on six neurological assessments in relation to 15 different microbes were quantified with odds ratios.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The presence of certain microbial species in the placenta was associated with lower scores on numerical and oral language assessments. <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> sp. was associated with decreased risk of a low oral language score and a composite measure of IQ and executive function.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Placental microorganisms were associated with neurocognitive, but not social-communicative, outcomes at age 10. In contrast, the presence of the anti-inflammatory <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> sp. in the placenta was associated with a lower risk of impaired neurocognitive functions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0505-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]],"date-time":"2019-10-17T11:30:47Z","timestamp":1571311847000},"page":"306-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neurocognitive and social-communicative function of children born very preterm at 10 years of age: Associations with microorganisms recovered from the placenta parenchyma"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha Scott","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hudson P.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3474-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill R.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Leviton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Onderdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl C. 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