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This study was approved by the institutional review board of Stanford University. This was a retrospective study and we obtained a waiver of consent and a waiver of HIPAA authorization for all medical chart reviews.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"G.A. obtained a material grant (consisting of NIRS monitors and sensors) by Medtronic via their peer-review grant program for a study for which he is the principal investigator (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04106479). The other authors have no conflicts of interest related to the content of this study. G.A. is the author that wrote the first draft. There was no payment, grant, or honorarium given to anyone to produce the manuscript or the work related to this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}