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Multiple logistic regression and causal mediation analyses were used to evaluate the relationship of race\/ethnicity and BPBI risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Black and Hispanic birthing-individuals were at increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and limited prenatal care utilization but decreased risk of many BPBI risk factors (shoulder dystocia, macrosomia, prolonged second stage of labor, and vaginal delivery).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Black and Hispanic birthing-individuals were at lower risk of many strongly associated risk factors for BPBI, and these factors mediate only a small proportion of their excess BPBI risk, underscoring the importance of identifying alternative risk factors, especially drivers of demographic disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-025-02239-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T09:51:17Z","timestamp":1742032277000},"page":"790-796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Are racial and ethnic disparities in brachial plexus birth injuries explained by known risk factors?"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3992-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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