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GER characteristics, short- and long-term outcomes were compared between the human milk- vs. formula-fed infants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Human milk-fed infants (vs. formula-fed) had a greater acid reflux index (ARI), and an increased number of acid reflux events, prolonged acid events, and greater proximal acid exposure (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). There were no differences (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05) in symptoms, acid clearance, bolus clearance, distal baseline impedance, and discharge outcomes. Bayley composite scores at 2 years were distinct (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) for the distribution (%) of receptive and fine motor skills, favoring human milk-fed infants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the pathophysiology caused by acid-GER events, human milk properties may provide better adaptation and modulation of neurosensory and neuromotor responses upon esophageal provocation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-025-02421-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:13:32Z","timestamp":1758086012000},"page":"1765-1771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinct gastroesophageal reflux characteristics in preterm-born infants fed human milk versus formula: insights for clinical practice on outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1027-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika K.","family":"Osborn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zakia","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enas","family":"Alshaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-8850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudarshan R.","family":"Jadcherla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2421_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.6-2-e87","volume":"6","author":"SR Jadcherla","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jadcherla SR, Rudolph C. 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J Pediatr. 2024;274:114154.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-025-02421-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-025-02421-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-025-02421-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:01:26Z","timestamp":1766134886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-025-02421-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-025-02421-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0743-8346"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-5543"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Informed parental consent was obtained before the diagnostic pH-impedance study. Approval for the use of data from these subjects was obtained by the Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital Institutional Review Board, and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability guidelines were followed. Studies were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}