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Surfactant effects were assessed with pre- and post-administration rpSO\u2082 values. Fractional Oxygen Extraction (FOE) and SpO\u2082\/FiO\u2082 (S\/F) ratio were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean rcSO\u2082 was higher and less variable than rpSO\u2082 values (78% vs. 72%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Right lung rpSO\u2082 exceeded left (74% vs. 71%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), especially in infants with hsPDA. Surfactant increased rpSO\u2082 bilaterally (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), with greater increase in the right lung. rpSO\u2082 correlated strongly with the S\/F ratio (r\u2009=\u20090.83,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regional differences of rpSO\u2082 and FOE were observed, particularly in the setting of hsPDA and after surfactant therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-026-02613-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:45:01Z","timestamp":1773657901000},"page":"2002-2008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of surfactant therapy, ventilation, and patent ductus arteriosus on regional pulmonary and cerebral oxygenation in preterm infants using near-infrared spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7974-3904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivonne","family":"Sierra-Strum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6616-7132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoj","family":"Biniwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7358-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rangasamy","family":"Ramanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2613_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2009.07.015","volume":"36","author":"S Noori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Noori S, Stavroudis TA, Seri I. 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RR is a joint patent holder with Neotech Products, Inc. and receives royalties. He serves as a consultant and member of the Speakers Bureau for Chiesi USA and receives grant support for research. MB receives research support, including participation as principal or named investigator in clinical trials, from Airway Therapeutics, Chiesi USA, Infant Bacterial Therapeutics, Medtronic, and Roche. He also serves as a consultant for Medtronic and receives grant support from Oak Hill Bio.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the University of Southern California Institutional Review Board (USC IRB) under protocol number HS-23-00018. The study was reviewed and approved through expedited review procedures per 45 CFR 46.111, category 8. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participants. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent for publication of the image included in this article was also obtained from the participants\u2019 legal guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}