{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:39:41Z","timestamp":1786635581133,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Perinatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify risk factors for bag and mask ventilation (BMV) and compare mortality outcomes between infants who did and did not receive BMV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Secondary analysis of data from the seven sites of the Global Network Maternal Newborn Health registry, including fresh stillbirths and live births\u2009\u2265\u20091500\u2009grams from 2017 to 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 171 279 births (98.9% live births, 1.1% fresh stillbirths) were included. BMV was administered in 3.9% of cases. Maternal education, labor complications, delivery location, and prematurity were identified as major risk factors for receiving BMV. Adjusted relative risks (95% CI) for very early neonatal mortality with BMV was 26.18 (23.02\u201329.79), early neonatal mortality 19.08 (17.40\u201320.93), neonatal mortality 14.23 (13.08,15.49, mortality\u2009&lt;\u200942 days 12.86 (11.84,13.97) and asphyxia-related deaths was and 2.42 (2.11, 2.77).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These finding underscore the importance of early identification of maternal and perinatal factors associated with receiving BMV to improve neonatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-026-02732-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:31:00Z","timestamp":1780302660000},"page":"1540-1549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors and mortality in infants who received bag and mask ventilation at birth: a secondary analysis from the global network maternal newborn health registry"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5545-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubair H.","family":"Aghai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avinash","family":"Kavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa R.","family":"Thorsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjunath S.","family":"Somannavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramachandra","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9776-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise C.","family":"Babineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2558-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archana B.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangappa M.","family":"Dhaded","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7251-2863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umesh Y.","family":"Ramdurg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair J.","family":"Wylie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manolo","family":"Mazariegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoinette K.","family":"Tshefu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0382-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldemar A.","family":"Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy F.","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"William A.","family":"Petri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia L.","family":"Hibberd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin J.","family":"Asturias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherri L.","family":"Bucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie K.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4992-9895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa S.","family":"Bauserman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Esamai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3705-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupsa C.","family":"Boelig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivaprasad S.","family":"Goudar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Derman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2732_CR1","unstructured":"Newborn Health [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-health-and-ageing\/newborn-health\/perinatal-asphyxia#:~:text=World%20Health%20Assembly%20%C2%BB&text=Birth%20asphyxia%2C%20defined%20as%20the,causes%20of%20early%20neonatal%20mortality."},{"key":"2732_CR2","unstructured":"Organization WH. Maternal and Child Epidemiology Estimation Group (MCEE). Estimates for child causes of death 2000\u20132016. 2018."},{"key":"2732_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.27","volume":"36","author":"MJ Sankar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sankar MJ, Natarajan CK, Das RR, Agarwal R, Chandrasekaran A, Paul VK. When do newborns die? A systematic review of timing of overall and cause-specific neonatal deaths in developing countries. J Perinatol. 2016;36:S1\u2013S11.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2732_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.192","volume":"29","author":"DR Halloran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Halloran DR, McClure E, Chakraborty H, Chomba E, Wright LL, Carlo WA. Birth asphyxia survivors in a developing country. J Perinatol. 2009;29:243\u20139.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2732_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v5.i1.67","volume":"5","author":"CE Ahearne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahearne CE, Boylan GB, Murray DM. Short and long term prognosis in perinatal asphyxia: an update. World J Clin Pediatr. 2016;5:67\u201374.","journal-title":"World J Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"2732_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12727","volume":"57","author":"P Eunson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eunson P. The long-term health, social, and financial burden of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:48\u201350.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"2732_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204410","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204410","volume":"13","author":"CC Enweronu-Laryea","year":"2018","unstructured":"Enweronu-Laryea CC, Andoh HD, Frimpong-Barfi A, Asenso-Boadi FM. Parental costs for in-patient neonatal services for perinatal asphyxia and low birth weight in Ghana. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0204410.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2732_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-020-01028-0","volume":"17","author":"ZH Aghai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aghai ZH, Goudar SS, Patel A, Saleem S, Dhaded SM, Kavi A, et al. Gender variations in neonatal and early infant mortality in India and Pakistan: a secondary analysis from the Global Network Maternal Newborn Health Registry. Reprod Health. 2020;17:178.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2732_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2696-6","volume":"19","author":"RA Abdo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdo RA, Halil HM, Kebede BA, Anshebo AA, Gejo NG. Prevalence and contributing factors of birth asphyxia among the neonates delivered at Nigist Eleni Mohammed Memorial Teaching Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:536.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2732_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-12-S2-S1","volume":"12(Suppl 2)","author":"CL Bose","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bose CL, Bauserman M, Goldenberg RL, Goudar SS, McClure EM, Pasha O, et al. The Global Network Maternal Newborn Health Registry: a multi-national, community-based registry of pregnancy outcomes. Reprod Health. 2015;12(Suppl 2):S1.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"2732_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0161-4","volume":"38","author":"M Girish","year":"2018","unstructured":"Girish M, Jain V, Dhokane R, Gondhali SB, Vaidya A, Aghai ZH. Umbilical cord milking for neonates who are depressed at birth: a randomized trial of feasibility. J Perinatol. 2018;38:1190\u20136.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2732_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-015-0012-7","volume":"1","author":"EM McClure","year":"2015","unstructured":"McClure EM, Bose CL, Garces A, Esamai F, Goudar SS, Patel A, et al. Global network for women\u2019s and children\u2019s health research: a system for low-resource areas to determine probable causes of stillbirth, neonatal, and maternal death. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2015;1:11.","journal-title":"Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol"},{"key":"2732_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13805","volume":"106","author":"AL Garces","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garces AL, McClure EM, Perez W, Hambidge KM, Krebs NF, Figueroa L, et al. The Global Network Neonatal Cause of Death algorithm for low-resource settings. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106:904\u201311.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2732_CR14","unstructured":"Leo Breiman JF, Olshen RA, Stone CJ. Classification and Regression Trees. New York 1984 1984. 368."},{"key":"2732_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.48","volume":"82","author":"BD Kamath-Rayne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamath-Rayne BD, Berkelhamer SK, Kc A, Ersdal HL, Niermeyer S. Neonatal resuscitation in global health settings: an examination of the past to prepare for the future. Pediatr Res. 2017;82:194\u2013200.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2732_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e353","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1795","volume":"131","author":"G Msemo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Msemo G, Massawe A, Mmbando D, Rusibamayila N, Manji K, Kidanto HL, et al. Newborn mortality and fresh stillbirth rates in Tanzania after helping babies breathe training. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e353\u201360.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2732_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2112","volume":"131","author":"SS Goudar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goudar SS, Somannavar MS, Clark R, Lockyer JM, Revankar AP, Fidler HM, et al. Stillbirth and newborn mortality in India after helping babies breathe training. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e344\u201352.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2732_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.06.005","volume":"20","author":"S Niermeyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Niermeyer S. From the neonatal resuscitation program to helping babies breathe: global impact of educational programs in neonatal resuscitation. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;20:300\u20138.","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2732_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kc A, Wrammert J, Clark RB, Ewald U, Vitrakoti R, Chaudhary P, et al. Reducing perinatal mortality in nepal using helping babies breathe. Pediatrics. 2016;137.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0117"},{"key":"2732_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-316319","volume":"105","author":"JMD Versantvoort","year":"2020","unstructured":"Versantvoort JMD, Kleinhout MY, Ockhuijsen HDL, Bloemenkamp K, de Vries WB, van den Hoogen A. Helping Babies Breathe and its effects on intrapartum-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality in low-resource settings: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child. 2020;105:127\u201333.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2732_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003535","volume":"16","author":"J Dol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dol J, Campbell-Yeo M, Murphy GT, Aston M, McMillan D, Richardson B. The impact of the Helping Babies Survive program on neonatal outcomes and health provider skills: a systematic review. JBI Database Syst Rev Implement Rep. 2018;16:701\u201337.","journal-title":"JBI Database Syst Rev Implement Rep"},{"key":"2732_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-014-0094-2","volume":"40","author":"HM Aslam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aslam HM, Saleem S, Afzal R, Iqbal U, Saleem SM, Shaikh MW, et al. \u201cRisk factors of birth asphyxia\u201d. Ital J Pediatr. 2014;40:94.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"2732_CR23","first-page":"51","volume":"37","author":"J Torres-Munoz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Torres-Munoz J, Rojas C, Mendoza-Urbano D, Marin-Cuero D, Orobio S, Echandia C. [Risk factors associated with the development of perinatal asphyxia in neonates at the Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia, 2010-2011]. Biomedica. 2017;37:51\u20136.","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"2732_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekele GG, Roga EY, Gonfa DN, Geda GM. Incidence and predictors of mortality among neonates admitted with birth asphyxia to neonatal intensive care unit of West Shewa Zone Public Hospitals, Central Ethiopia. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2024;8.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjpo-2023-002403"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-026-02732-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-026-02732-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-026-02732-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:47:39Z","timestamp":1786632459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-026-02732-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-026-02732-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0743-8346","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by all sites\u2019 ethics review committees, and the institutional review boards at each U.S. partner university and the Global Network Data Coordinating Center. All women provided informed consent for participation in the study, including data collection and the follow-up visits. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}