{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:00:18Z","timestamp":1790172018543,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Perinatol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a major risk factor for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, yet screening protocols are limited to at-risk populations and may miss affected infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed 5413 neonates born at a tertiary center in Jerusalem. Of 4867 with valid results, 81 (1.66%, 2.9% of males) had severe (&lt;2 IU\/g Hb) and 108 (2.2%, 4.4% of females) had intermediate enzyme activity (2\u201310 IU\/g Hb). A nested case-control analysis compared newborns with diminished G6PD activity with randomly selected controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Severe deficiency increased phototherapy risk (OR 4.78; 95% CI 2.60\u20138.78;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). 43.2% of deficient newborns would not have been tested by targeted screening based on family history or ethnicity. Universal screening identified 6.4% of phototherapy-treated neonates who would not have been flagged for treatment under targeted screening.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Universal G6PD screening objectively identifies newborns at increased risk for hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy and may support earlier risk-adapted management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-026-02901-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:07:06Z","timestamp":1790168826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Universal newborn screening for G6PD deficiency and severe hyperbilirubinemia at a tertiary center in Jerusalem"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2127-3177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aviad","family":"Schnapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ohad","family":"Neufeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinan","family":"Abu-Leil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawan","family":"Abu Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haneen","family":"Azzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5004-2397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noa","family":"Ofek Shlomai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smadar","family":"Eventov Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2901_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60073-2","volume":"371","author":"MD Cappellini","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cappellini MD, Fiorelli G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Lancet. 2008;371:64\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2901_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2004.09.001","volume":"28","author":"M Kaplan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Hammerman C. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a hidden risk for kernicterus. Semin Perinatol. 2004;28:356\u201364.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"2901_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30139-1","volume":"2","author":"BO Olusanya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olusanya BO, Kaplan M, Hansen TWR. Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia: a global perspective. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018;2:610\u201320.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2901_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e18437","volume":"9","author":"W Kassahun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kassahun W, Tunta A, Abera A, Shiferaw M. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among neonates with jaundice in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2023;9:e18437.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2901_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1767","volume":"174","author":"F Okolie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okolie F, South-Paul JE, Watchko JF. Combating the hidden health disparity of kernicterus in black infants: a review. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174:1199\u2013205.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2901_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.3.401","volume":"90","author":"M Kaplan","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Abramov A. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Sephardic-Jewish neonates: incidence, severity, and the effect of phototherapy. Pediatrics. 1992;90:401\u20135.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2901_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.208","volume":"74","author":"VK Bhutani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhutani VK, Zipursky A, Blencowe H, Khanna R, Sgro M, Ebbesen F, et al. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and Rhesus disease of the newborn: incidence and impairment estimates for 2010 at regional and global levels. Pediatr Res. 2013;74:86\u2013100.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2901_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-058859","volume":"150","author":"AR Kemper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kemper AR, Newman TB, Slaughter JL, Maisels MJ, Watchko JF, Downs SM, et al. Clinical practice guideline revision: management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics. 2022;150:e2022058859.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2901_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization Working Group. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Bull World Health Organ. 1989;67:601\u201311."},{"key":"2901_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.04.039","volume":"167","author":"R Abu Omar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abu Omar R, Algur N, Megged O, Hammerman C, Kaplan M. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase screening in Israeli-Arab and palestinian-arab neonates. J Pediatr. 2015;167:169\u201372.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2901_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2013.14","volume":"33","author":"JF Watchko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watchko JF, Kaplan M, Stark AR, Stevenson DK, Bhutani VK. Should we screen newborns for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the United States? J Perinatol. 2013;33:499\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2901_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.02.045","volume":"161","author":"N Algur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Algur N, Avraham I, Hammerman C, Kaplan M. Quantitative neonatal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase screening: distribution, reference values, and classification by phenotype. J Pediatr. 2012;161:197\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2901_CR13","first-page":"627","volume":"123","author":"LP Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen LP, Bhutani VK, Fliman PJ, Mendez R, Allen AH. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Wisconsin newborns: missed opportunity for screening. WMJ. 2024;123:627\u20138. PMID:39908529.","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"2901_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2024-065900","volume":"154","author":"S Milburn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Milburn S, Bhutani VK, Weintraub A, Guttmann K. Implementation of universal screening for G6PD deficiency in newborns. Pediatrics. 2024;154:e2024065900.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2901_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.77","volume":"35","author":"M Kaplan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Hammerman C, Bhutani VK. Parental education and the WHO neonatal G-6-PD screening program: a quarter century later. J Perinatol. 2015;35:779\u201384.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2901_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2008.216","volume":"29","author":"M Kaplan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Hammerman C. The need for neonatal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase screening: a global perspective. J Perinatol. 2009;29:S46\u201352.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2901_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.1.68","volume":"104","author":"M Kaplan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Beutler E, Vreman HJ, Hammerman C, Levy-Lahad E, Renbaum P, et al. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient heterozygotes. Pediatrics. 1999;104:68\u201374.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2901_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03712-4","volume":"97","author":"VK Bhutani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhutani VK. G6PD trait: societal importance to ensure well-being of female heterozygotes for health and childbirth. Pediatr Res. 2025;97:1424\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2901_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.115312","volume":"139","author":"M Kaplan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Hammerman C, Vreman HJ, Stevenson DK, Beutler E. Acute hemolysis and severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient heterozygotes. J Pediatr. 2001;139:137\u201340.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2901_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2025-072850","volume":"157","author":"K Dalldorf","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dalldorf K, Milburn S, Francisco B, Ahle G, Arguello-Angarita S, Aris K, et al. Outcomes of universal newborn G6PD deficiency screening in a large urban cohort. Pediatrics. 2026;157:e2025072850.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2901_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5745","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1892067","volume":"35","author":"R Vidavalur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vidavalur R, Bhutani VK. Economic evaluation of point-of-care universal newborn screening for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in the United States. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35:5745\u201353.","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2901_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1745.x","volume":"93","author":"M Kaplan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Vreman HJ, Hammerman C, Leiter C, Abramov A, Stevenson DK. Contribution of haemolysis to jaundice in Sephardic Jewish glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient neonates. Br J Haematol. 1996;93:822\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2901_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.38.197.23","volume":"38","author":"A Szeinberg","year":"1963","unstructured":"Szeinberg A, Oliver M, Schmidt R, Adam A, Sheba C. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and haemolytic disease of the newborn in Israel. Arch Dis Child. 1963;38:23\u201328.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2901_CR24","unstructured":"Medical Directorate of the Israeli Ministry of Health. Screening for identification of G6PD deficiency in newborns [Hebrew] Date published: 2021 Apr 18 https:\/\/www.health.gov.il\/hozer\/mr02_2018.pdf."},{"key":"2901_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.02.018","volume":"161","author":"A Riskin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Riskin A, Gery N, Kugelman A, Hemo M, Spevak I, Bader D. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and borderline deficiency: association with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. J Pediatr. 2012;161:191\u20136.e1.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2901_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2025.101619","volume":"30","author":"JF Watchko","year":"2025","unstructured":"Watchko JF, Bhutani VK. Revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification of G6PD gene variants: relevance to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2025;30:101619.","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"2901_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okwundu CI, Olowoyeye A, Uthman OA, Smith J, Wiysonge CS, Bhutani VK, et al. Transcutaneous bilirubinometry versus total serum bilirubin measurement for newborns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023;5:CD012660.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012660.pub2"},{"key":"2901_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics. 2004;114:297\u2013316.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.297"},{"key":"2901_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0329","volume":"124","author":"MJ Maisels","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maisels MJ, Bhutani VK, Bogen D, Newman TB, Stark AR, Watchko JF. Hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant > or =35 weeks\u2019 gestation: an update with clarifications. Pediatrics. 2009;124:1193\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2009-0329.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2901_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Bhutani VK, Hammerman C. Controversies in our understanding of extreme hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient neonates. Pediatr Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-024-03611-8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03611-8"},{"key":"2901_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2008.12.005","volume":"42","author":"ET Nkhoma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nkhoma ET, Poole C, Vannappagari V, Hall SA, Beutler E. The global prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2009;42:267\u201378.","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"2901_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-01927-1","volume":"44","author":"RRR Al-Bedaywi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Bedaywi RRR, Salameh KMK, Abedin S, Viswanathan B, Khedr AA, Habboub LHM. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia: a retrospective cohort study among 40,305 consecutively born babies. J Perinatol. 2024;44:1035\u201341.","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2901_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228241242832","volume":"64","author":"JM Baker","year":"2025","unstructured":"Baker JM, Uduwana SR, Nemerofsky SL. Universal G6PD screening: a retrospective chart review. Clin Pediatr. 2025;64:5\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"2901_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1082","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0654","volume":"134","author":"BO Badejoko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Badejoko BO, Owa JA, Oseni SB, Badejoko O, Fatusi AO, Adejuyigbe EA. Early neonatal bilirubin, hematocrit, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase status. Pediatrics. 2014;134:e1082\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2901_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1159\/000524966","volume":"119","author":"KR Gopagondanahalli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gopagondanahalli KR, Mittal RA, Abdul Haium AA, Quek BH, Agarwal P, Daniel LM, et al. Risk factors predicting the need for phototherapy in glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient infants in a large retrospective cohort study. Neonatology. 2022;119:494\u2013500.","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"2901_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-03010-6","volume":"21","author":"JX Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu JX, Lin F, Chen ZK, Luo ZY, Zhan XF, Wu JR, et al. Co-inheritance of G6PD deficiency and 211G to a variation of UGT1A1 in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia in eastern Guangdong. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21:564.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2901_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34173","volume":"123","author":"CS Huang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huang CS, Chang PF, Huang MJ, Chen ES, Chen WC. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, the UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 1A1 gene, and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:127\u201333.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2901_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.3.533","volume":"105","author":"M Kaplan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Hammerman C, Feldman R, Brisk R. Predischarge bilirubin screening in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient neonates. Pediatrics. 2000;105:533\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2901_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3390\/ijns10020038","volume":"10","author":"BL Therrell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Therrell BL, Padilla CD, Borrajo GJC, Khneisser I, Schielen PCJI, Knight-Madden J, et al. Current status of newborn bloodspot screening worldwide 2024: a comprehensive review of recent activities (2020-2023). Int J Neonatal Screen. 2024;10:38.","journal-title":"Int J Neonatal Screen"},{"key":"2901_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0310517","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310517","volume":"19","author":"M Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Yin Y, Chen T, Li Y, et al. Molecular epidemiological characteristics, variant spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in China: a population-based multicenter study using newborn screening. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0310517.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2901_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.02.010","volume":"35","author":"M Kaplan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaplan M, Hammerman C. Neonatal screening for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: biochemical versus genetic technologies. Semin Perinatol. 2011;35:155\u201361.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-026-02901-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-026-02901-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-026-02901-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:07:09Z","timestamp":1790168829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-026-02901-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["2901"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-026-02901-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0743-8346","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5543","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Parental informed consent was obtained in accordance with routine newborn care protocols. The study was approved by the institutional review board of Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem (0257-24-HMO).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}