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However, the rapid carrier recombination in these optoelectronic synapses results in a poor number of conductance states and a low linear weight update protocol, consequently degrading the image recognition accuracy of DUV NVSs. This work proposes a type of cascade heterojunctions capable of finely tuning the dynamics of photogenerated carriers, utilizing aluminum interdigital electrodes sandwiched between tin-doped Ga<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and oxygen-deficient hafnium oxide (GTO\/Al\/HfO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>) films. The built-in fields at the GTO\/HfO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> heterojunction and the Al\/HfO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> hole Schottky junction interfaces facilitate the separation of photogenerated carriers and the subsequent trapping of holes by the oxygen defects in the HfO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>, respectively. The GTO\/Al\/HfO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> optoelectronic synapses exhibit an ultrahigh responsivity of over 10<jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\u2009A\/W and a large photo-to-dark current ratio of 6 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>, which results in exceptional synaptic plasticity with unprecedented 4096 conductance states and excellent linearity with a fitting coefficient of 0.992. These attributes enable the GTO\/Al\/HfO<jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub> optoelectronic synapses to execute logical operations with fault-tolerance capability and to achieve high-accuracy fingerprint classification. The innovative cascade heterojunctions design, along with the elucidated carrier dynamics modulation mechanism, facilitates the development of DUV NVSs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-01897-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T06:49:42Z","timestamp":1759214982000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Ultra-highly linear Ga2O3-based cascade heterojunctions optoelectronic synapse with thousands of conductance states for neuromorphic visual system"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanyu","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1897_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2973-6","volume":"588","author":"G Wetzstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wetzstein, G. et al. 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