{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:58:31Z","timestamp":1789909111713,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Light Sci Appl"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Integrated photonics has emerged as a promising alternative for data communication and computing, ferroelectric BaTiO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    (BTO) stands out for its exceptional electro-optic response among candidate materials. However, direct epitaxial growth of BTO entails a fundamental trade-off: substrates with low refractive index are required for strong optical confinement, yet those with large lattice mismatch degrade film crystalline quality and electro-optic performance. We report a buffer-free, strain-engineered approach to integrate high-performance BTO thin films directly on LaAlO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -Sr\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    TaAlO\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    (LSAT) oxide-insulator substrates. By exploiting a self-buffer layer formed during the initial growth stage, we achieve periodic in-plane strain modulation that stabilizes a polymorphic phase boundary with orthorhombic polar nanoregions, yielding a Pockels coefficient exceeding 358\u2009pm\u2009V\u207b\u00b9 and a Curie temperature raised to 200\u2009\u00b0C. Leveraging this material platform, we demonstrate the first realization of a Mach\u2013Zehnder modulator using epitaxial BTO on LSAT. The device exhibits a half-wave voltage\u2013length product of 0.7\u2009V\u2009cm at 1550\u2009nm, which closely matches finite-element simulations, and supports a 6-dB electro-optic bandwidth of 28\u2009GHz. Our results validate BTO on LSAT as a viable photonic platform for scalable, low-voltage and high-speed modulators.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-02081-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T02:10:18Z","timestamp":1767319818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Self-buffered epitaxy of barium titanate on oxide insulators enables high-performance electro-optic modulators"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5074-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3491-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijian","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojie","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongshan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0103-9858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changzheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0185-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing-Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7922-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-00754-y","volume":"15","author":"BJ Shastri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shastri, B. J. et al. Photonics for artificial intelligence and neuromorphic computing. Nat. Photonics 15, 102\u2013114 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0310-5","volume":"13","author":"D Marpaung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marpaung, D., Yao, J. P. & Capmany, J. Integrated microwave photonics. Nat. Photonics 13, 80\u201390 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2081_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-025-00825-5","volume":"7","author":"YW Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu, Y. W. et al. Integrated electro-optics on thin-film lithium niobate. Nat. Rev. Phys. 7, 237\u2013254 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"2081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0028-z","volume":"556","author":"AH Atabaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atabaki, A. H. et al. Integrating photonics with silicon nanoelectronics for the next generation of systems on a chip. Nature 556, 349\u2013354 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0551-y","volume":"562","author":"C Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages. Nature 562, 101\u2013104 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05345-1","volume":"612","author":"MJ Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, M. J. et al. Integrated femtosecond pulse generator on thin-film lithium niobate. Nature 612, 252\u2013258 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.411024","volume":"13","author":"D Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu, D. et al. Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate. Adv. Opt. Photonics 13, 242\u2013352 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"2081_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1021\/nl404513p","volume":"14","author":"C Xiong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiong, C. et al. Active silicon integrated nanophotonics: ferroelectric BaTiO3 devices. Nano Lett. 14, 1419\u20131425 (2014).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2081_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-01851-9","volume":"14","author":"H Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. Advancing inorganic electro-optical materials for 5\u2009G communications: from fundamental mechanisms to future perspectives. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 190 (2025).","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"2081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0725-5","volume":"19","author":"F Eltes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eltes, F. et al. An integrated optical modulator operating at cryogenic temperatures. Nat. Mater. 19, 1164\u20131168 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-022-01003-0","volume":"16","author":"J Geler-Kremer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Geler-Kremer, J. et al. A ferroelectric multilevel non-volatile photonic phase shifter. Nat. Photonics 16, 491\u2013497 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"2081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2695","volume":"4","author":"S Abel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abel, S. et al. A strong electro-optically active lead-free ferroelectric integrated on silicon. Nat. Commun. 4, 1671 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2081_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0208-0","volume":"18","author":"S Abel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abel, S. et al. Large Pockels effect in micro- and nanostructured barium titanate integrated on silicon. Nat. Mater. 18, 42\u201347 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1498151","volume":"81","author":"A Petraru","year":"2002","unstructured":"Petraru, A. et al. Ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin-film optical waveguide modulators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1375\u20131377 (2002).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.matsci.37.052506.084226","volume":"37","author":"BW Wessels","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wessels, B. W. Ferroelectric epitaxial thin films for integrated optics. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 37, 659\u2013679 (2007).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Mater. Res."},{"key":"2081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jascer.2014.05.002","volume":"2","author":"ID Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim, I. D. et al. Ridge waveguide using highly oriented BaTiO3 thin films for electro-optic application. J. Asian Ceram. Societ. 2, 231\u2013234 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Asian Ceram. Societ."},{"key":"2081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202101128","volume":"33","author":"Y Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao, Y. et al. A barium titanate-on-oxide insulator optoelectronics platform. Adv. Mater. 33, 2101128 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26660-7","volume":"12","author":"JW Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, J. W. et al. In-plane quasi-single-domain BaTiO3 via interfacial symmetry engineering. Nat. Commun. 12, 6784 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4833248","volume":"103","author":"TQ Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang, T. Q. et al. Critical thickness and strain relaxation in molecular beam epitaxy-grown SrTiO3 films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 212904 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2081_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202315579","volume":"34","author":"H Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu, H. et al. Tuning the electro-optic properties of BaTiO3 epitaxial thin films via buffer layer-controlled polarization rotation paths. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2315579 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade2964","volume":"378","author":"G Huangfu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huangfu, G. et al. Giant electric field\u2013induced strain in lead-free piezoceramics. Science 378, 1125\u20131130 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2081_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz167","volume":"7","author":"Q Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. Practical high-performance lead-free piezoelectrics: structural flexibility beyond utilizing multiphase coexistence. Natl Sci. Rev. 7, 355\u2013365 (2020).","journal-title":"Natl Sci. Rev."},{"key":"2081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1039\/C9CS00432G","volume":"49","author":"X Lv","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lv, X. et al. Emerging new phase boundary in potassium sodium-niobate based ceramics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 49, 671\u2013707 (2020).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"2081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3209","volume":"369","author":"HJ Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, H. J. et al. Giant piezoelectricity in oxide thin films with nanopillar structure. Science 369, 292\u2013297 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2081_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"095203","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.6.095203","volume":"6","author":"WT Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, W. T., Landis, C. M. & Demkov, A. A. Domain morphology and electro-optic effect in Si-integrated epitaxial BaTiO3 films. Phys. Rev. Mater. 6, 095203 (2022).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-022-01266-6","volume":"21","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang, Y. et al. Enabling ultra-low-voltage switching in BaTiO3. Nat. Mater. 21, 779\u2013785 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1063\/1.109960","volume":"63","author":"DH Reitze","year":"1993","unstructured":"Reitze, D. H. et al. Electro-optic properties of single crystalline ferroelectric thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 596\u2013598 (1993).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"2081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.192","volume":"8","author":"C Dubourdieu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dubourdieu, C. et al. Switching of ferroelectric polarization in epitaxial BaTiO3 films on silicon without a conducting bottom electrode. Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 748\u2013754 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"2081_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EE02758G","volume":"11","author":"Q Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. High-performance lead-free piezoelectrics with local structural heterogeneity. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 3531\u20133539 (2018).","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"2081_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5941","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.50.5941","volume":"50","author":"M Zgonik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zgonik, M. et al. Dielectric, elastic, piezoelectric, electro-optic, and elasto-optic tensors of BaTiO3 crystals. Phys. Rev. B 50, 5941\u20135949 (1994).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"2081_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1063\/1.360126","volume":"78","author":"P Bernasconi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bernasconi, P., Zgonik, M. & G\u00fcnter, P. Temperature dependence and dispersion of electro-optic and elasto-optic effect in perovskite crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 78, 2651\u20132658 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"2081_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51230","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c14048","volume":"13","author":"AB Posadas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Posadas, A. B. et al. Thick BaTiO3 epitaxial films integrated on Si by RF sputtering for electro-optic modulators in Si photonics. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13, 51230\u201351244 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"2081_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-025-02158-1","volume":"24","author":"D Chelladurai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chelladurai, D. et al. Barium titanate and lithium niobate permittivity and Pockels coefficients from megahertz to sub-terahertz frequencies. Nat. Mater. 24, 868\u2013875 (2025).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/jace.16815","volume":"103","author":"BI Edmondson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Edmondson, B. I. et al. Epitaxial, electro-optically active barium titanate thin films on silicon by chemical solution deposition. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103, 1209\u20131218 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"2081_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevMaterials.5.035201","volume":"5","author":"M Reynaud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reynaud, M. et al. Electro-optic response in epitaxially stabilized orthorhombic mm2 BaTiO3. Phys. Rev. Mater. 5, 035201 (2021).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.28.002527","volume":"28","author":"A Petraru","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petraru, A. et al. Integrated optical Mach Zehnder modulator based on polycrystalline BaTiO3. Opt. Lett. 28, 2527\u20132529 (2003).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"2081_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075706","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/aa53c2","volume":"28","author":"KJ Kormondy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kormondy, K. J. et al. Microstructure and ferroelectricity of BaTiO3 thin films on Si for integrated photonics. Nanotechnology 28, 075706 (2017).","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"2081_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202403024","volume":"34","author":"E Picavet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Picavet, E. et al. Integration of solution-processed BaTiO3 thin films with high Pockels coefficient on photonic platforms. Adv. Funct. Mater. 34, 2403024 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202103013","volume":"33","author":"CG Deng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deng, C. G. et al. Reporting excellent transverse piezoelectric and electro-optic effects in transparent rhombohedral PMN-PT single crystal by engineered domains. Adv. Mater. 33, 2103013 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn7711","volume":"376","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Ferroelectric crystals with giant electro-optic property enabling ultracompact Q-switches. Science 376, 371\u2013377 (2022).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2081_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-023-01674-2","volume":"22","author":"E Gradauskaite","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gradauskaite, E. et al. Defeating depolarizing fields with artificial flux closure in ultrathin ferroelectrics. Nat. Mater. 22, 1492\u20131498 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103218","volume":"306","author":"KJ Choi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Choi, K. J. et al. Enhancement of ferroelectricity in strained BaTiO3 thin films. Science 306, 1005\u20131009 (2004).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2081_CR43","first-page":"395","volume":"9","author":"W Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, W. et al. Delineating complex ferroelectric domain structures via second harmonic generation spectral imaging. J. Mater. 9, 395\u2013402 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206980","volume":"334","author":"CT Nelson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nelson, C. T. et al. Domain dynamics during ferroelectric switching. Science 334, 968\u2013971 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2081_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.017601","volume":"118","author":"ZB Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, Z. B. et al. Facilitation of ferroelectric switching via mechanical manipulation of hierarchical nanoscale domain structures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 017601 (2017).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2081_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4119","volume":"14","author":"RJ Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu, R. J. et al. Ferroelectric polarization reversal via successive ferroelastic transitions. Nat. Mater. 14, 79\u201386 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"2081_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4367","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.3c01144","volume":"10","author":"ZM Dong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dong, Z. M. et al. Monolithic barium titanate modulators on silicon-on-insulator substrates. ACS Photonics 10, 4367\u20134376 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"2081_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2023.3339472","volume":"42","author":"WJ Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, W. J. et al. Thin-film BTO-based MZMs for next-generation IMDD transceivers beyond 200 Gbps\/\u03bb. J. Lightw. Technol. 42, 1143\u20131150 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."},{"key":"2081_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08820-7","volume":"641","author":"PsiQuantum Team","year":"2025","unstructured":"Team, P. si Q. uantum A manufacturable platform for photonic quantum computing. Nature 641, 876\u2013883 (2025).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2081_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2893500","volume":"37","author":"F Eltes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eltes, F. et al. A BaTiO3-based electro-optic Pockels modulator monolithically integrated on an advanced silicon photonics platform. J. Lightw. Technol. 37, 1456\u20131462 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Lightw. Technol."}],"container-title":["Light: Science &amp; Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41377-025-02081-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41377-025-02081-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41377-025-02081-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T02:10:19Z","timestamp":1767319819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41377-025-02081-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41377-025-02081-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2047-7538"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2047-7538","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"21"}}