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Here we present a light-driven and non-contact strategy that enables arbitrary-axis rotation of both spherical and anisotropic cells with real-time switching between distinct rotation modes (major-axis and minor-axis). The platform employs a Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)-coated gold nano-island (AuNIs) plasmonic film to generate strong interfacial thermo-osmotic flow under laser illumination, while Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-induced depletion forces confine cells near the interface. For spherical particles, arbitrary-axis rotation is achieved using a single Gaussian beam, where spatial asymmetry in the thermo-osmotic flow determines the rotation axis. For anisotropic cells, different rotation modes are enabled by optical pattern reconfiguration. A Gaussian beam induces major-axis rotation, while a half-ring beam generates a combined optical and thermo-osmotic torque distribution that supports sustained minor-axis rotation. The rotation mode is reversibly switched solely through optical reconfiguration without mechanical intervention. This unified platform establishes geometry-independent, optically programmable rotational control, opening new opportunities for high-speed multi-angle cellular imaging and dynamic studies of cell-cell interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-026-02424-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T02:37:59Z","timestamp":1784515079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Programmable rotation of single cells along arbitrary axes via opto-thermo-osmotic torque"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9168-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuebing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2424_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00021-6","volume":"1","author":"CJ Bustamante","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bustamante, C. 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