{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:51:28Z","timestamp":1793022688053,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011002","name":"National Science Foundation of China | National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Joint Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52075432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microsyst Nanoeng"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    High-sensitivity flexible pressure sensors have obtained extensive attention because of their expanding applications in e-skins and wearable medical devices for various disease diagnoses. As the representative candidate for these sensors, the iontronic microstructure has been widely proven to enhance sensation behaviors such as the sensitivity and limits of detection. However, the fast and tunable fabrication of ionic-porous sensing elastomers remains challenging because of the current template-dissolved or 3D printing methods. Here, we report a microbubble-based fabrication process that enables microporous and resilient-compliance ionogels for high-sensitivity pressure sensors. Periodic motion sliding results in a relative velocity between the imported airflow and the fluid solution, converts the airflow to microbubbles in the high-viscosity ionic fluid and promptly solidifies the fluid into a porous ionogel under ultraviolet exposure. The ultrahigh porosity of up to 95% endows the porous ionogel with superelasticity and a Young\u2019s modulus near 7 kPa. Due to the superelastic compliance and iontronic electrical double-layer effect, the porous ionogel packaged into two electrodes endows the pressure sensor with high sensitivity (684.4\u2009kPa\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) over an ultrabroad range (~1\u2009MPa) and a high-pressure resolution of 0.46%. Furthermore, the pressure sensor successfully captures high-yield broad-range signals from the fingertip low-pressure pulses (&lt;1 kPa) to foot high-pressure activities (&gt;500 kPa), even the grasping force of soft machine hands via an array-scanning circuit during object recognition. This microbubble-based fabrication process for porous ionogels paves the way for designing wearable sensors or permeable electronics to monitor and diagnose various diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-024-00780-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T21:34:58Z","timestamp":1732570498000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Microbubble-based fabrication of resilient porous ionogels for high-sensitivity pressure sensors"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongcheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoke","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixuan","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanfei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6443-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueyong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"780_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904532","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201904532","volume":"30","author":"V Amoli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amoli, V. et al. Ionic tactile sensors for emerging human\u2010interactive technologies: A review of recent progress. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1904532 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"780_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2023.108783","volume":"116","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Finger\u2013coding intelligent human\u2013machine interaction system based on all\u2013fabric ionic capacitive pressure sensors. Nano Energy 116, 108783 (2023).","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"780_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ma, J. et al. Mechanochromic and ionic conductive cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers for biomechanical monitoring and human\u2013machine interaction. Mater. Horiz. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3MH01386C (2023).","DOI":"10.1039\/D3MH01386C"},{"key":"780_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9168","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3259974","volume":"23","author":"H Xue","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xue, H. et al. A wearable pressure sensor based on ultrathin ionic nanopaper for wide-range human signal detection. IEEE Sens. J. 23, 9168\u20139175 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"780_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700496","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201700496","volume":"4","author":"Y Tai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tai, Y. & Yang, Z. Toward flexible wireless pressure-sensing device via ionic hydrogel microsphere for continuously mapping human-skin signals. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 4, 1700496 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20153","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c05838","volume":"17","author":"J Ji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ji, J., Zhao, W., Wang, Y., Li, Q. & Wang, G. Templated laser-induced-graphene-based tactile sensors enable wearable health monitoring and texture recognition via deep neural network. ACS Nano 17, 20153\u201320166 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"780_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Chhetry, A., Ko, S. & Park, J. Y. A hybrid ionic nanofibrous membrane based pressure sensor with ultra-high sensitivity over broad pressure range for wearable healthcare applications. in 2021 IEEE 34th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) 55\u201358 (IEEE, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MEMS51782.2021.9375132.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMS51782.2021.9375132"},{"key":"780_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Arteriosclerosis assessment based on single\u2010point fingertip pulse monitoring using a wearable iontronic sensor. Adv. Healthcare Mater. 2301838 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adhm.202301838 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301838"},{"key":"780_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001023","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202001023","volume":"9","author":"Q Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, Q. et al. Highly sensitive flexible iontronic pressure sensor for fingertip pulse monitoring. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 9, 2001023 (2020).","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"780_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.2c00137","volume":"4","author":"G Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, G., Wang, P., Jiang, Y., Sun, H. & Meng, C. Intrinsically flexible and breathable supercapacitive pressure sensor based on mxene and ionic gel decorating textiles for comfortable and ultrasensitive wearable healthcare monitoring. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 4, 1958\u20131967 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"780_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110417","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202110417","volume":"32","author":"C Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, C. et al. Ionic flexible sensors: Mechanisms, materials, structures, and applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2110417 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"780_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.7b07613","volume":"12","author":"Y Pang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pang, Y. et al. Epidermis microstructure inspired graphene pressure sensor with random distributed spinosum for high sensitivity and large linearity. ACS Nano 12, 2346\u20132354 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"780_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13625","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c22825","volume":"15","author":"C Cho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cho, C., Kim, D., Lee, C. & Oh, J. H. Ultrasensitive ionic liquid polymer composites with a convex and wrinkled microstructure and their application as wearable pressure sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 13625\u201313636 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b17765","volume":"11","author":"A Chhetry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chhetry, A., Kim, J., Yoon, H. & Park, J. Y. Ultrasensitive interfacial capacitive pressure sensor based on a randomly distributed microstructured iontronic film for wearable applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 3438\u20133449 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00393-z","volume":"8","author":"H-T Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng, H.-T., Wang, Z.-Y., Wang, Y.-L., Wen, D.-L. & Zhang, X.-S. Integrated hybrid sensing and microenergy for compact active microsystems. Microsyst. Nanoengineering 8, 61 (2022).","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoengineering"},{"key":"780_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c07847","volume":"15","author":"S Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma, S. et al. Hydrogen-bond-triggered hybrid nanofibrous membrane-based wearable pressure sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity over a broad pressure range. ACS Nano 15, 4380\u20134393 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"780_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31385","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c01806","volume":"14","author":"X Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin, X. et al. All-nanofibrous ionic capacitive pressure sensor for wearable applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 31385\u201331395 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TC05304C","volume":"10","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, H. et al. Flexible capacitive pressure sensors for wearable electronics. J. Mater. Chem. C. 10, 1594\u20131605 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C."},{"key":"780_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33641","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c09341","volume":"14","author":"Q Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su, Q., Liu, C., Xue, T. & Zou, Q. Sensitivity-photo-patternable ionic pressure sensor array with a wearable measurement unit. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 33641\u201333649 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2900224","volume":"66","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. FeetBeat: A flexible iontronic sensing wearable detects pedal pulses and muscular activities. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 66, 3072\u20133079 (2019).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"780_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.2c06101","volume":"11","author":"AAK Aljarid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aljarid, A. A. K., Doty, K. L., Wei, C., Salvage, J. P. & Boland, C. S. Food-inspired, high-sensitivity piezoresistive graphene hydrogels. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 11, 1820\u20131827 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"780_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, M. et al. Skin-inspired gradient ionogels induced by electric field for ultrasensitive and ultrafast-responsive multifunctional ionotronics. J. Mater. Chem. A https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3TA05723B (2024).","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA05723B"},{"key":"780_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6055","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201502556","volume":"27","author":"B Nie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nie, B., Li, R., Cao, J., Brandt, J. D. & Pan, T. Flexible transparent iontronic film for interfacial capacitive pressure sensing. Adv. Mater. 27, 6055\u20136062 (2015).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"780_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072395","volume":"18","author":"X Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, X., Wang, Y. & Qing, X. A flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on ionic liquid. Sensors 18, 2395 (2018).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"780_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"33","author":"Y Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang, Y. et al. First decade of interfacial iontronic sensing: From droplet sensors to artificial skins. Adv. Mater. 33, 1\u201325 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"780_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.34133\/2022\/9867378","volume":"2022","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xiong, Y., Han, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Z. L. & Sun, Q. Emerging iontronic sensing: Materials, mechanisms, and applications. Research 2022, 1\u201335 (2022).","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"780_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14054-9","volume":"11","author":"N Bai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bai, N. et al. Graded intrafillable architecture-based iontronic pressure sensor with ultra-broad-range high sensitivity. Nat. Commun. 11, 3\u201311 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"780_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4338","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c10535","volume":"16","author":"N Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai, N. et al. Graded interlocks for iontronic pressure sensors with high sensitivity and high linearity over a broad range. ACS Nano 16, 4338\u20134347 (2022).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"780_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.34133\/2022\/9852138","volume":"2022","author":"Y Luo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Luo, Y. et al. Gecko-inspired slant hierarchical microstructure-based ultrasensitive iontronic pressure sensor for intelligent interaction. Research 2022, 1\u201313 (2022).","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"780_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-021-00770-9","volume":"14","author":"Q Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. High-porosity foam-based iontronic pressure sensor with superhigh sensitivity of 9280 kPa\u22121. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 21 (2022).","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"780_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10128","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b00398","volume":"9","author":"SH Cho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cho, S. H. et al. Micropatterned pyramidal ionic gels for sensing broad-range pressures with high sensitivity. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 10128\u201310135 (2017).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19319","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c01375","volume":"15","author":"KL Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, K. L. et al. Transparent and flexible graphene pressure sensor with self-assembled topological crystalline ionic gel. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 19319\u201319329 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB00329E","volume":"10","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, Z., Liang, Y., Wang, L. M. & Liu, Y. D. Chitosan-based double cross-linked ionic hydrogels as a strain and pressure sensor with broad strain-range and high sensitivity. J. Mater. Chem. B 10, 3434\u20133443 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"780_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Microstructured gel polymer electrolyte and an interdigital electrode-based iontronic barometric pressure sensor with high resolution over a broad range. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces acsami. 3c16276 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.3c16276 (2023).","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c16276"},{"key":"780_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.3c00129","volume":"5","author":"Y Qin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qin, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Zheng, A. & Xia, Q. Ionic conductive, antidrying, and flexible organohydrogels suitable for pressure sensors and gas sensors. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 5, 2758\u20132768 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"780_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008486","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202008486","volume":"33","author":"Y Ren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ren, Y. et al. Electric\u2010field\u2010induced gradient ionogels for highly sensitive, broad\u2010range\u2010response, and freeze\/heat\u2010resistant ionic fingers. Adv. Mater. 33, 2008486 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"780_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, S. et al. Normal-direction graded hemispheres for ionic flexible sensors with a record-high linearity in a wide working range. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces acsami. 3c09580 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsami.3c09580 (2023).","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c09580"},{"key":"780_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.137929","volume":"450","author":"L Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan, L. et al. Flexible sensor based on Hair-like microstructured ionic hydrogel with high sensitivity for pulse wave detection. Chem. Eng. J. 450, 137929 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"780_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yuan, Y. et al. Microstructured polyelectrolyte elastomer\u2010based ionotronic sensors with high sensitivities and excellent stability for artificial skins. Adv. Mater. 2310429 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202310429 (2023).","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310429"},{"key":"780_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202200814","volume":"25","author":"Y-D Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang, Y.-D. et al. Flexible and ultra\u2010sensitive planar supercapacitive pressure sensor based on porous ionic foam. Adv. Eng. Mater. 25, 2200814 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"780_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202100457","volume":"42","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, X. et al. Waterborne polyurethane enhanced, adhesive, and ionic conductive hydrogel for multifunctional sensors. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 42, 1\u201310 (2021).","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"780_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5185","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b15252","volume":"10","author":"A Tewari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tewari, A., Gandla, S., Bohm, S., McNeill, C. R. & Gupta, D. Highly exfoliated MWNT\u2013rGO ink-wrapped polyurethane foam for piezoresistive pressure sensor applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 5185\u20135195 (2018).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2018.10.041","volume":"285","author":"X Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, X., Wang, Y., Sun, H. & Qing, X. A flexible ionic liquid-polyurethane sponge capacitive pressure sensor. Sens. Actuators A: Phys. 285, 67\u201372 (2019).","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A: Phys."},{"key":"780_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15132","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c05570","volume":"15","author":"JH Kwon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kwon, J. H., Kim, Y. M. & Moon, H. C. Porous Ion Gel: A versatile ionotronic sensory platform for high-performance, wearable ionoskins with electrical and optical dual output. ACS Nano 15, 15132\u201315141 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"780_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.135593","volume":"439","author":"S Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng, S. et al. Tailoring of photocurable ionogel toward high resilience and low hysteresis 3D printed versatile porous flexible sensor. Chem. Eng. J. 439, 135593 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"780_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7618","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-023-5400-0","volume":"16","author":"H-T Deng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Deng, H.-T. et al. Stretchable multifunctional sensor based on porous silver nanowire\/silicone rubber conductive film. Nano Res. 16, 7618\u20137626 (2023).","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"780_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600404","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201600404","volume":"4","author":"T Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, T. et al. Porous ionic membrane based flexible humidity sensor and its multifunctional applications. Adv. Sci. 4, 1600404 (2017).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"780_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22318","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c02118","volume":"12","author":"S Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin, S. et al. Acoustic-controlled bubble generation and fabrication of 3D polymer porous materials. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 22318\u201322326 (2020).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35201","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b11776","volume":"11","author":"D Sengupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sengupta, D., Pei, Y. & Kottapalli, A. G. P. Ultralightweight and 3D squeezable graphene-polydimethylsiloxane composite foams as piezoresistive sensors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 35201\u201335211 (2019).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"780_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16369","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA02751F","volume":"5","author":"J Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Breath figure lithography for the construction of a hierarchical structure in sponges and their applications to oil\/water separation. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 16369\u201316375 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"780_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.2c02253","volume":"39","author":"R Foudazi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foudazi, R., Zowada, R., Manas-Zloczower, I. & Feke, D. L. Porous hydrogels: Present challenges and future opportunities. Langmuir 39, 2092\u20132111 (2023).","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"780_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15884","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c00916","volume":"15","author":"M Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, M. et al. Flexible wearable capacitive sensors based on ionic gel with full-pressure ranges. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 15, 15884\u201315892 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Microsystems &amp; Nanoengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-024-00780-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-024-00780-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-024-00780-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T02:47:14Z","timestamp":1732589234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-024-00780-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41378-024-00780-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7434"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7434","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"X.W. is Editor for the journal, no other author has reported any competing interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"177"}}