{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T20:18:42Z","timestamp":1775074722444,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52305295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52305295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82202053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82202053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32270911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32270911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microsyst Nanoeng"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-026-01165-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T05:53:55Z","timestamp":1771048435000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Female reproductive tract-on-a-chip for selecting sperm with ultra-low DNA fragmentation index"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingde","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingyuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangxiu","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1165_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900712","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900712","volume":"6","author":"YH Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, Y. H. et al. Prediction of DNA integrity from morphological parameters using a single-sperm DNA fragmentation index assay. Adv. Sci. 6, 1900712 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"1165_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400058","volume":"3","author":"W Asghar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Asghar, W. et al. Selection of functional human sperm with higher DNA integrity and fewer reactive oxygen species. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 3, 1671\u20131679 (2014).","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"1165_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv042","volume":"21","author":"D Sakkas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sakkas, D., Ramalingam, M., Garrido, N. & Barratt, C. L. R. Sperm selection in natural conception: what can we learn from Mother Nature to improve assisted reproduction outcomes? Hum. Reprod. Update 21, 711\u2013726 (2015).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"1165_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.182822","volume":"19","author":"L Simon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simon, L., Zini, A., Dyachenko, A., Ciampi, A. & Carrell, D. T. A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of sperm DNA damage on fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Asian J. Androl. 19, 80\u201390 (2017).","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"1165_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-018-0051-8","volume":"15","author":"SC Esteves","year":"2018","unstructured":"Esteves, S. C., Roque, M., Bedoschi, G., Haahr, T. & Humaidan, P. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male infertility and consequences for offspring. Nat. Rev. Urol. 15, 535\u2013562 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"1165_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-022-00933-2","volume":"20","author":"M Rao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rao, M. et al. Cumulative live birth rates after IVF\/ICSI cycles with sperm prepared by density gradient centrifugation vs. swim-up: a retrospective study using a propensity score-matching analysis. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 20, 60 (2022).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1165_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12562","volume":"23","author":"K Amano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amano, K. et al. Swim-up method is superior to density gradient centrifugation for preserving sperm DNA integrity during sperm processing. Reprod. Med. Biol. 23, e12562 (2024).","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"1165_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-021-00530-9","volume":"19","author":"ETY Leung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Leung, E. T. Y. et al. Simulating nature in sperm selection for assisted reproduction. Nat. Rev. Urol. 19, 16\u201336 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"1165_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071025","volume":"10","author":"R Gualtieri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gualtieri, R. et al. Sperm oxidative stress during in vitro manipulation and its effects on sperm function and embryo development. Antioxidants 10, 1025 (2021).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"1165_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00209J","volume":"19","author":"J Riordon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riordon, J. et al. Two-dimensional planar swimming selects for high DNA integrity sperm. Lab Chip 19, 2161\u20132167 (2019).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1165_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00874E","volume":"21","author":"S Xiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiao, S. et al. FertDish: microfluidic sperm selection-in-a-dish for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Lab Chip 21, 775\u2013783 (2021).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1165_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC01182G","volume":"21","author":"M Simchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simchi, M. et al. Selection of high-quality sperm with thousands of parallel channels. Lab Chip 21, 2464\u20132475 (2021).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1165_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-024-00306-1","volume":"7","author":"SH Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, S. H. et al. Microfluidic thermotaxic selection of highly motile sperm and in vitro fertilization. Bio-Des. Manuf. 7, 687\u2013700 (2024).","journal-title":"Bio-Des. Manuf."},{"key":"1165_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abm2417","volume":"14","author":"U Schimpf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schimpf, U. et al. Topical reinforcement of the cervical mucus barrier to sperm. Sci. Transl. Med. 14, eabm2417 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"1165_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9995","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189995","volume":"25","author":"K Marchlewska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marchlewska, K., Erkiert-Kusiak, M., Walczak-Jedrzejowska, R. & Slowikowska-Hilczer, J. Sperm migration and hyaluronic acid binding: implications for male fertility evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25, 9995 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"1165_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114040","volume":"204","author":"SX Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu, S. X. et al. Cervix chip mimicking cervical microenvironment for quantifying sperm locomotion. Biosens. Bioelectron. 204, 114040 (2022).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"1165_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202101155","volume":"8","author":"DA Blois","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blois, D. A. et al. Interaction between hyaluronic acid semi-interpenetrated hydrogel with bull spermatozoa: studies of sperm attachment-release and sperm quality. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 8, 2101155 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"1165_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101291","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.202101291","volume":"7","author":"FY Parast","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parast, F. Y., O\u2019Bryan, M. K. & Nosrati, R. Sperm syringe: 3D sorting platform for assisted reproduction. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7, 2101291 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"1165_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4262","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00457J","volume":"20","author":"JY Gai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gai, J. Y., Nosrati, R. & Neild, A. High DNA integrity sperm selection using surface acoustic waves. Lab Chip 20, 4262\u20134272 (2020).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1165_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107356","volume":"26","author":"CH Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, C. H. et al. Design of a gradient-rheotaxis microfluidic chip for sorting of high-quality Sperm with progressive motility. Iscience 26, 107356 (2023).","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"1165_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8272","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800819115","volume":"115","author":"M Zaferani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zaferani, M., Cheong, S. H. & Abbaspourrad, A. Rheotaxis-based separation of sperm with progressive motility using a microfluidic corral system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115, 8272\u20138277 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1165_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1039\/D2LC00150K","volume":"22","author":"M Yaghoobi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yaghoobi, M., Azizi, M., Mokhtare, A., Javi, F. & Abbaspourrad, A. Rheotaxis quality index: a new parameter that reveals male mammalian in vivo fertility and low sperm DNA fragmentation. Lab Chip 22, 1486\u20131497 (2022).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1165_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN02311J","volume":"147","author":"S Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Kabir, M. A. & Asghar, W. Selection of healthy sperm based on positive rheotaxis using a microfluidic device. Analyst 147, 1589\u20131597 (2022).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"1165_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-023-00501-7","volume":"9","author":"SA Vasilescu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vasilescu, S. A., Ding, L., Parast, F. Y., Nosrati, R. & Warkiani, M. E. Sperm quality metrics were improved by a biomimetic microfluidic selection platform compared to swim-up methods. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 9, 37 (2023).","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"1165_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC01144H","volume":"22","author":"R Nosrati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nosrati, R. Lab on a chip devices for fertility: from proof-of-concept to clinical impact. Lab Chip 22, 1680\u20131689 (2022).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1165_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00845A","volume":"21","author":"YM Yan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yan, Y. M., Zhang, B. X., Fu, Q. Q., Wu, J. & Liu, R. A fully integrated biomimetic microfluidic device for evaluation of sperm response to thermotaxis and chemotaxis. Lab Chip 21, 310\u2013318 (2021).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1165_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1039\/D1LC00091H","volume":"21","author":"M Yaghoobi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yaghoobi, M., Azizi, M., Mokhtare, A. & Abbaspourrad, A. Progressive bovine sperm separation using parallelized microchamber-based microfluidics. Lab Chip 21, 2791\u20132804 (2021).","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"1165_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaa034","volume":"27","author":"SY Jiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiao, S. Y., Yang, Y. H. & Chen, S. R. Molecular genetics of infertility: loss-of-function mutations in humans and corresponding knockout\/mutated mice. Hum. Reprod. Update 27, 154\u2013189 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"1165_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0032-1","volume":"13","author":"A Agarwal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A. & Chyatte, M. R. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 13, 37 (2015).","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"1165_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2989","volume":"32","author":"SN Bhatia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhatia, S. N. & Ingber, D. E. Microfluidic organs-on-chips. Nat. Biotechnol. 32, 760\u2013772 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"1165_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-022-00466-9","volume":"23","author":"DE Ingber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ingber, D. E. Human organs-on-chips for disease modelling, drug development and personalized medicine. Nat. Rev. Genet. 23, 467\u2013491 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"1165_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex380","volume":"33","author":"DLE Palme","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palme, D. L. E. et al. Viable acrosome-intact human spermatozoa in the ejaculate as a marker of semen quality and fertility status. Hum. Reprod. 33, 361\u2013371 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"1165_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.1.143","volume":"17","author":"A Ivic","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ivic, A. et al. Critical evaluation of methylcellulose as an alternative medium in sperm migration tests. Hum. Reprod. 17, 143\u2013149 (2002).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"1165_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199421000484","volume":"30","author":"A Pujol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pujol, A. et al. A microfluidic sperm-sorting device reduces the proportion of sperm with double-stranded DNA fragmentation. Zygote 30, 200\u2013205 (2022).","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"1165_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1071\/RD17520","volume":"30","author":"MJ Tomlinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tomlinson, M. J. & Naeem, A. CASA in the medical laboratory: CASA in diagnostic andrology and assisted conception. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 30, 850\u2013859 (2018).","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"1165_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz7602","volume":"6","author":"S Middelkamp","year":"2020","unstructured":"Middelkamp, S. et al. Sperm DNA damage causes genomic instability in early embryonic development. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz7602 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1165_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2024.2333285","volume":"70","author":"TT Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, T. T. et al. Correlation between standard sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation from 11,339 samples. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. 70, 91\u2013100 (2024).","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"1165_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.12.012","volume":"117","author":"L Bj\u00f6rndahl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rndahl, L., Brown, J. K. & Proce, W. L. M. E. The sixth edition of the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen: ensuring quality and standardization in basic examination of human ejaculates. Fertil. Steril. 117, 246\u2013251 (2022).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"1165_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac099","volume":"37","author":"MM Quinn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quinn, M. M. et al. Microfluidic preparation of spermatozoa for ICSI produces similar embryo quality to density-gradient centrifugation: a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial. Hum. Reprod. 37, 1406\u20131413 (2022).","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"1165_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00462-8","volume":"73","author":"M Span\u00f2","year":"2000","unstructured":"Span\u00f2, M. et al. Sperm chromatin damage impairs human fertility. Fertil. Steril. 73, 43\u201350 (2000).","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"1165_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2000.tb02116.x","volume":"21","author":"ST Mortimer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mortimer, S. T. CASA - Practical aspects. J. Androl. 21, 515\u2013524 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"1165_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.060186","volume":"77","author":"JL Jin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jin, J. L. et al. Catsper3 and Catsper4 are essential for sperm hyperactivated motility and male fertility in the mouse. Biol. Reprod. 77, 37\u201344 (2007).","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"1165_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205500","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202205500","volume":"10","author":"J Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo, J. et al. Selective translation of maternal mRNA by eIF4E1B controls oocyte to embryo transition. Adv. Sci. 10, 2205500 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"1165_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17981","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c03357","volume":"95","author":"C Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, C. et al. Trace sample proteome quantification by data-dependent acquisition without dynamic exclusion. Anal. Chem. 95, 17981\u201317987 (2023).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"1165_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054236","volume":"8","author":"C Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, C. et al. A single cell level based method for copy number variation analysis by low coverage massively parallel sequencing. PLoS ONE 8, e54236 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Microsystems & Nanoengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01165-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01165-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01165-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T07:02:54Z","timestamp":1771052574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01165-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41378-026-01165-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7434"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7434","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 October 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"64"}}