{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T02:51:31Z","timestamp":1776653491377,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2021-03346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2021-03346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microsyst Nanoeng"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-026-01267-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T02:28:09Z","timestamp":1776652089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential migratory phenotypes of human neutrophils and breast cancer cells in a wireless unidirectional electric field platform"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6642-5175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Palmerley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3849-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Stefanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dumitru","family":"Tomsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Abolfathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuehui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4960-5460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9 P.","family":"Zahedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruey-Chyi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1231","volume":"3","author":"J Condeelis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Condeelis, J. & Segall, J. E. Intravital imaging of cell movement in tumours. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3, 921\u2013930, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrc1231 (2003).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"1267_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705062104","volume":"104","author":"M Poujade","year":"2007","unstructured":"Poujade, M. et al. Collective migration of an epithelial monolayer in response to a model wound. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 15988\u201315993, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0705062104 (2007).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"1267_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399","volume":"13","author":"E Kolaczkowska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kolaczkowska, E. & Kubes, P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 13, 159\u2013175, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri3399 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"1267_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a001834","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001834","volume":"2","author":"O Mar\u00edn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mar\u00edn, O., Valiente, M., Ge, X. & Tsai, L.-H. Guiding neuronal cell migrations. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2, a001834, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a001834 (2010).","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"1267_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2005.08.006","volume":"17","author":"R Keller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keller, R. Cell migration during gastrulation. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17, 533\u2013541, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceb.2005.08.006 (2005).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1267_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.170","volume":"29","author":"A Berzat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Berzat, A. & Hall, A. Cellular responses to extracellular guidance cues. EMBO J. 29, 2734\u20132745, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/emboj.2010.170 (2010).","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"1267_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s44341-024-00008-w","volume":"2","author":"R Alonso-Matilla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alonso-Matilla, R., Provenzano, P. P. & Odde, D. J. Physical principles and mechanisms of cell migration. NPJ Biol. Phys. Mech. 2, 2 (2025).","journal-title":"NPJ Biol. Phys. Mech."},{"key":"1267_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00366-6","volume":"22","author":"S SenGupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"SenGupta, S., Parent, C. A. & Bear, J. E. The principles of directed cell migration. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 22, 529\u2013547, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-021-00366-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1267_CR9","first-page":"113","volume":"18","author":"E Dineur","year":"1892","unstructured":"Dineur, E. Note sur la sensibilit\u00e9 des leucocytes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9. Bull. S\u00e9ances Soc. Belge Microsc. 18, 113\u2013118 (1892).","journal-title":"Bull. S\u00e9ances Soc. Belge Microsc."},{"key":"1267_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00020.2004","volume":"85","author":"CD McCaig","year":"2005","unstructured":"McCaig, C. D., Rajnicek, A. M., Song, B. & Zhao, M. Controlling cell behavior electrically: current views and future potential. Physiol. Rev. 85, 943\u2013978, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00020.2004 (2005).","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"1267_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2465","volume":"181","author":"F Lin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lin, F. et al. Lymphocyte electrotaxis in vitro and in vivo. J. Immunol. 181, 2465\u20132471, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2465 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"1267_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(92)90164-N","volume":"54","author":"M Chiang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chiang, M., Robinson, K. R. & Vanable, J. W. Jr. Electrical fields in the vicinity of epithelial wounds in the isolated bovine eye. Exp. Eye Res. 54, 999\u20131003, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4835(92)90164-N (1992).","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"1267_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R358","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1982.242.3.R358","volume":"242","author":"AT Barker","year":"1982","unstructured":"Barker, A. T., Jaffe, L. F. & Vanable, J. W. Jr. The glabrous epidermis of cavies contains a powerful battery. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 242, R358\u2013R366, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.1982.242.3.R358 (1982).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"1267_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11005","volume":"5","author":"D Ahirwar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahirwar, D. et al. Non-contact method for directing electrotaxis. Sci. Rep. 5, 11005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep11005 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1267_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Caramazza, L. et al. Galvanotactic phenomenon induced by non-contact electrostatic field: investigation in a scratch assay. In 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2520\u20132523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175695 (IEEE, 2020).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175695"},{"key":"1267_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2024.101690","volume":"38","author":"H-F Chang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang, H.-F. & Cheng, J.-Y. Glioblastoma U-87 cell electrotaxis is hindered by doxycycline with a concomitant reduction in the matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 38, 101690, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrep.2024.101690 (2024).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"1267_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-019-0550-z","volume":"2","author":"AA Garg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garg, A. A. et al. Electromagnetic fields alter the motility of metastatic breast cancer cells. Commun. Biol. 2, 303, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-019-0550-z (2019).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"1267_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-0162-0","volume":"409","author":"Y Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. Effects of direct current electric fields on lung cancer cell electrotaxis in a PMMA-based microfluidic device. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409, 2163\u20132178, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00216-016-0162-0 (2017).","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"1267_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.674727","volume":"12","author":"M Moarefian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moarefian, M., Davalos, R. V., Burton, M. D. & Jones, C. N. Electrotaxis-on-Chip to quantify neutrophil migration towards electrochemical gradients. Front. Immunol. 12, 674727, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.674727 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"1267_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1039\/c7ib00086c","volume":"9","author":"H Peretz-Soroka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peretz-Soroka, H. et al. A bioenergetic mechanism for amoeboid-like cell motility profiles tested in a microfluidic electrotaxis assay. Integr. Biol. 9, 844\u2013856, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7ib00086c (2017).","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"1267_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.002774","volume":"120","author":"J Pu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pu, J. et al. EGF receptor signalling is essential for electric-field-directed migration of breast cancer cells. J. Cell Sci. 120, 3395\u20133403, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.002774 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"1267_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00254068","volume":"16","author":"B Rapp","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rapp, B., de Boisfleury-Chevance, A. & Gruler, H. Galvanotaxis of human granulocytes: dose-response curve. Eur. Biophys. J. 16, 313\u2013319, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00254068 (1988).","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"1267_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, J. & Lin, F. Microengineered tools for studying cell migration in electric fields. In Integrative Mechanobiology: Micro- and Nano-Techniques in Cell Mechanobiology (eds. Sun, Y., Kim, D.-H. & Simmons, C. A.) 110\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139939751.008 (Cambridge University Press, 2015).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139939751.008"},{"key":"1267_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-013-9615-7","volume":"67","author":"D Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, D., Ma, X. & Lin, F. DC electric fields direct breast cancer cell migration, induce EGFR polarization, and increase the intracellular level of calcium ions. Cell. Biochem. Biophys. 67, 1115\u20131125, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-013-9615-7 (2013).","journal-title":"Cell. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"1267_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04925","volume":"442","author":"M Zhao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhao, M. et al. Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-\u03b3 and PTEN. Nature 442, 457\u2013460, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04925 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1267_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65566-0","volume":"10","author":"K Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu, K. et al. Electric fields at breast cancer and cancer cell collective galvanotaxis. Sci. Rep. 10, 8712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-65566-0 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1267_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C05007","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/12\/05\/C05007","volume":"12","author":"I Zironi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zironi, I., Boccioletti, L., Amorini, F., Castellani, G. & Gabrielli, A. A prototype electronic board to investigate galvanotaxis phenomena. J. Instrum. 12, C05007, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-0221\/12\/05\/C05007 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"1267_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77384-9","volume":"14","author":"I Zironi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zironi, I. et al. Enhancing cell motility via non-contact capacitively coupled electrostatic field. Sci. Rep. 14, 28085, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-77384-9 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1267_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado7538","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado7538","volume":"10","author":"R Kaveti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kaveti, R. et al. Water-powered, electronics-free dressings that electrically stimulate wounds for rapid wound closure. Sci. Adv. 10, eado7538, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.ado7538 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"1267_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131855","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3229686","volume":"10","author":"H Gnanasambanthan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gnanasambanthan, H. & Maji, D. Simulation and fabrication of micro-electrode arrays for electrical stimulation induced wound healing. IEEE Access 10, 131855\u2013131866, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3229686 (2022).","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"1267_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65125","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11372","volume":"7","author":"EH Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim, E. H., Song, H. S., Yoo, S. H. & Yoon, M. Tumor treating fields inhibit glioblastoma cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. Oncotarget 7, 65125\u201365136, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.11372 (2016).","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1267_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2410205","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202410205","volume":"36","author":"X Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, X. et al. Mg battery-integrated bioelectronic patch provides efficient electrochemical stimulations for wound healing. Adv. Mater. 36, e2410205, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/adma.202410205 (2024).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"1267_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-024-00351-x","volume":"8","author":"Q Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Stretchable wireless optoelectronic synergistic patches for effective wound healing. npj Flex. Electron. 8, 64, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41528-024-00351-x (2024).","journal-title":"npj Flex. Electron."},{"key":"1267_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139865","volume":"10","author":"L Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo, L. et al. Calcium ion flow permeates cells through SOCs to promote cathode-directed galvanotaxis. PLoS ONE 10, e0139865, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0139865 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1267_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02330","volume":"118","author":"CE Pullar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pullar, C. E. & Isseroff, R. R. Cyclic AMP mediates keratinocyte directional migration in an electric field. J. Cell Sci. 118, 2023\u20132034, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.02330 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"1267_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44505-8","volume":"9","author":"H-F Chang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chang, H.-F., Cheng, H.-T., Chen, H.-Y., Yeung, W. K. & Cheng, J.-Y. Doxycycline inhibits electric field-induced migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Sci. Rep. 9, 8094, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-44505-8 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1267_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.14.2697","volume":"114","author":"MBA Djamgoz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Djamgoz, M. B. A., Mycielska, M. E., Madeja, Z., Fraser, S. P. & Korohoda, W. Directional movement of rat prostate cancer cells in direct-current electric field: involvement of voltage-gated Na\u207a channel activity. J. Cell Sci 114, 2697\u20132705, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.114.14.2697 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci"},{"key":"1267_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21748","volume":"34","author":"FX Hart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hart, F. X., Laird, M., Riding, A. & Pullar, C. E. Keratinocyte galvanotaxis in combined DC and AC electric fields supports an electromechanical transduction sensing mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics 34, 85\u201394, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.21748 (2013).","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"1267_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2019.02.001","volume":"127","author":"X Ren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ren, X. et al. Keratinocyte electrotaxis induced by physiological pulsed direct current electric fields. Bioelectrochemistry 127, 113\u2013124, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2019.02.001 (2019).","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"1267_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medntd.2022.100142","volume":"16","author":"Y Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia, Y., Xu, J., Shi, Q., Zheng, L. & Liu, M. Study on the effects of alternating capacitive electric fields with different frequencies on promoting wound healing. Med. Nov. Technol. Devices 16, 100142, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medntd.2022.100142 (2022).","journal-title":"Med. Nov. Technol. Devices"},{"key":"1267_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2022.108108","volume":"146","author":"J Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, J. et al. Non-contact electrical stimulation as an effective means to promote wound healing. Bioelectrochemistry 146, 108108, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2022.108108 (2022).","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"1267_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38664-y","volume":"13","author":"J Leal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leal, J., Shaner, S., Jedrusik, N., Savelyeva, A. & Asplund, M. Electrotaxis evokes directional separation of co cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Sci. Rep. 13, 11444 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1267_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.96","volume":"130","author":"A Guo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guo, A. et al. Effects of physiological electric fields on migration of human dermal fibroblasts. J. Investig. Dermatol. 130, 2320\u20132327, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jid.2010.96 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"1267_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20220011","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220011","volume":"219","author":"DF Quail","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quail, D. F. et al. Neutrophil phenotypes and functions in cancer: a consensus statement. J. Exp. Med. 219, e20220011, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20220011 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"1267_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.912636","volume":"55","author":"AA Aly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aly, A. A. et al. Effects of 900-MHz radio frequencies on the chemotaxis of human neutrophils in vitro. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55, 795\u2013797, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2007.912636 (2008).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"1267_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14834-2","volume":"12","author":"J Meneses","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meneses, J., Fernandes, S., Alves, N., Pascoal-Faria, P. & Miranda, P. C. How to correctly estimate the electric field in capacitively coupled systems for tissue engineering: a comparative study. Sci. Rep. 12, 11049, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-14834-2 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1267_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4904059","volume":"8","author":"A Ran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ran, A., Massa, K., Wipf, D. O. & Minerick, A. R. Solution pH change in non-uniform alternating current electric fields at frequencies above the electrode charging frequency. Biomicrofluidics 8, 064126, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4904059 (2014).","journal-title":"Biomicrofluidics"},{"key":"1267_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.07.004","volume":"411","author":"D Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu, D. & Lin, F. A receptor-electromigration-based model for cellular electrotactic sensing and migration. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 411, 695\u2013701, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.07.004 (2011).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"1267_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1089\/bioe.2020.0048","volume":"3","author":"TH Jones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jones, T. H. et al. Directional migration of breast cancer cells hindered by induced electric fields may be due to accompanying alteration of metabolic activity. Bioelectricity 3, 92\u2013100, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bioe.2020.0048 (2021).","journal-title":"Bioelectricity"},{"key":"1267_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20436","volume":"30","author":"X Yan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yan, X. et al. Lung cancer A549 cells migrate directionally in DC electric fields with polarized and activated EGFRs. Bioelectromagnetics 30, 29\u201335, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bem.20436 (2009).","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"1267_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201806065","volume":"218","author":"DE Mason","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mason, D. E. et al. YAP and TAZ limit cytoskeletal and focal adhesion maturation to enable persistent cell motility. J. Cell Biol. 218, 1369\u20131389, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1083\/jcb.201806065 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1267_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2023.05.013","volume":"58","author":"WD Leineweber","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leineweber, W. D. & Fraley, S. I. Adhesion tunes speed and persistence by coordinating protrusions and extracellular matrix remodeling. Dev. Cell 58, 1414\u20131428.e4, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.devcel.2023.05.013 (2023).","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"1267_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2957","volume":"11","author":"JT Parsons","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parsons, J. T., Horwitz, A. R. & Schwartz, M. A. Cell adhesion: integrating cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular tension. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 11, 633\u2013643, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm2957 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"1267_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.27952.2","volume":"10","author":"R Firman Alamsyah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Firman Alamsyah, R. et al. Cytotoxic T cells response with decreased CD4\/CD8 ratio during mammary tumors inhibition in rats induced by non-contact electric fields. F1000Res 10, 35, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.27952.2 (2021).","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"1267_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Charan, M. et al. Induced electric fields inhibit breast cancer growth and metastasis by modulating the immune tumor microenvironment. Preprint at. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.04.14.589256 (2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.14.589256"},{"key":"1267_CR56","unstructured":"Park, J. S. Data compiled from: Lynch, C. T. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Materials Science, 3 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1975); and Dostal, C. A. (ed.) Engineered Materials Handbook, Vol. 2: Engineering Plastics (ASM International, Metals Park, 1988)."},{"key":"1267_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5750","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2873395","volume":"66","author":"X Bao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bao, X. et al. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy of cell cultures. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 66, 5750\u20135759, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2873395 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech."},{"key":"1267_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10091881","volume":"10","author":"T Picha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Picha, T., Papezova, S. & Picha, S. Evaluation of relative permittivity and loss factor of 3D printing materials for use in RF electronic applications. Processes 10, 1881, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr10091881 (2022).","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"1267_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03210-0","volume":"7","author":"K Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, K., Peretz-Soroka, H., Wu, J. & Liu, Y. Fibroblast growth factor 23 weakens chemotaxis of human blood neutrophils in microfluidic devices. Sci. Rep. 7, 3100, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-03210-0 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1267_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1039\/c7ib00037e","volume":"9","author":"K Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, K. et al. A dual-docking microfluidic cell migration assay (D2-Chip) for testing neutrophil chemotaxis and the memory effect. Integr. Biol. 9, 303\u2013312, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7ib00037e (2017).","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"1267_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0014","volume":"5","author":"EA Codling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Codling, E. A., Plank, M. J. & Benhamou, S. Random walk models in biology. J. R. Soc. Interface 5, 813\u2013834, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsif.2008.0014 (2008).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"}],"container-title":["Microsystems & Nanoengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01267-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01267-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01267-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T02:28:11Z","timestamp":1776652091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01267-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41378-026-01267-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7434"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7434","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"139"}}