{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T05:05:47Z","timestamp":1789880747945,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microsyst Nanoeng"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We introduce a nanocalorimetric technique based on microsecond-pulsed heating (\u00b5s-PHnC) that enables high-sensitivity, quasi-isothermal heat capacity measurements on nanoscale samples. Such resolution is critical for exploring thermodynamic signatures in low-dimensional materials, where conventional techniques fall short. By confining thermal excitation to microsecond timescales, this approach minimizes lateral heat diffusion, reduces heat capacity addenda to below 10\u207b\u2079\u2009J\u2009K\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and achieves noise densities as low as 75\u2009pJ\u2009K\u207b\u00b9\u2009\u221aHz\u2009mm\u207b\u00b2, unlocking precise thermodynamic characterization of subnanogram samples in areas as small as 30\u2009\u00d7\u200930\u2009\u00b5m\u00b2. The method delivers exceptional temperature homogeneity, as demonstrated by resolving sharp phase transitions, such as the antiferromagnetic transition in ultrathin CoO films, with unprecedented clarity. Its quasi-static operation is inherently compatible with external stimuli, including magnetic and electric fields, thereby expanding its utility for in-operando thermodynamic studies. The method is scalable in lateral dimension because the microsecond excitation window confines the thermal diffusion length, allowing the effective calorimetric volume to shrink with the device footprint. This advancement establishes a robust and scalable platform for probing thermal phenomena in nanostructured and low-dimensional materials, significantly broadening the scope of nanocalorimetry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-026-01426-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:01:52Z","timestamp":1789876912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microsecond-pulsed nanocalorimetry: a scalable approach for ultrasensitive heat capacity measurements"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"G\u00f3mez-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel","family":"Molina-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0389-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Privitera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enric","family":"Men\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Llibertat","family":"Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Sort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Rodriguez-Viejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Lopeandia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1426_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955051","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.87.095505","volume":"87","author":"M Dippel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dippel, M. et al. Size-dependent melting of self-assembled indium nanostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 955051\u2013955054 (2001).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"1426_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1685596","volume":"43","author":"R Bachmann","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bachmann, R. et al. Heat capacity measurements on small samples at low temperatures. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 43, 205\u2013214 (1972).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"1426_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-4526(98)01482-3","volume":"263\u2013264","author":"ML Roukes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roukes, M. L. Yoctocalorimetry: phonon counting in nanostructures. Phys. B Condens. Matter 263\u2013264, 1\u201315 (1999).","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"1426_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1063\/1.111116","volume":"64","author":"LH Allen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Allen, L. H. et al. 1 000 000\u00b0C\/s thin film electrical heater: in situ resistivity measurements of Al and Ti\/Si thin films during ultra rapid thermal annealing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 417\u2013419 (1994).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"1426_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4191","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1148366","volume":"68","author":"F Fominaya","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fominaya, F., Fournier, T., Gandit, P. & Chaussy, J. Nanocalorimeter for high resolution measurements of low temperature heat capacities of thin films and single crystals. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68, 4191\u20134195 (1997).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"1426_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1144925","volume":"65","author":"DW Denlinger","year":"1994","unstructured":"Denlinger, D. W. et al. Thin film microcalorimeter for heat capacity measurements from 1.5 to 800 K. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 946\u2013959 (1994).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"1426_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1137207","volume":"54","author":"GR Stewart","year":"1983","unstructured":"Stewart, G. R. Measurement of low-temperature specific heat. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 54, 1\u201311 (1983).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"1426_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02957461","volume":"3","author":"OM Corbino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Corbino, O. M. Sul calore specifico dei metalli a temperature elevate. Il Nuovo Cim. 3, 389\u2013406 (2008).","journal-title":"Il Nuovo Cim."},{"key":"1426_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"057007","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.057007","volume":"94","author":"O Bourgeois","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bourgeois, O., Skipetrov, S. E., Ong, F. & Chaussy, J. Attojoule calorimetry of mesoscopic superconducting loops. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 057007 (2005).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"1426_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.173.679","volume":"173","author":"PF Sullivan","year":"1968","unstructured":"Sullivan, P. F. & Seidel, G. Steady-state, ac-temperature calorimetry. Phys. Rev. 173, 679 (1968).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"1426_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5330","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c01553","volume":"21","author":"MA Aamir","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aamir, M. A. et al. Ultrasensitive calorimetric measurements of the electronic heat capacity of graphene. Nano Lett. 21, 5330\u20135337 (2021).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"1426_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Viejo, J. & Lopeand\u00eda, A. F. Quasi-adiabatic, membrane-based, highly sensitive fast scanning nanocalorimetry. Fast Scanning Calorimetry 105\u2013149 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-31329-0_3. (2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31329-0_3"},{"key":"1426_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2010.03.019","volume":"505","author":"E Zhuravlev","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhuravlev, E. & Schick, C. Fast scanning power compensated differential scanning nano-calorimeter: 1. The device. Thermochim. Acta 505, 1\u201313 (2010).","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"1426_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoifet, E., Chua, Y. Z., Huth, H. & Schick, C. High frequency alternating current chip nano calorimeter with laser heating. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 84, 073903 (2013).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4812349"},{"key":"1426_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2003.09.243","volume":"340\u2013342","author":"JF Mercure","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mercure, J. F., Karmouch, R., Anahory, Y., Roorda, S. & Schiettekatte, F. Radiation damage in silicon studied in situ by nanocalorimetry. Phys. B Condens. Matter 340\u2013342, 622\u2013625 (2003).","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"1426_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2007.01.054","volume":"84","author":"AF Lopeand\u00eda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lopeand\u00eda, A. F., Le\u00f3n-Gutierrez, E., Rodr\u00edguez-Viejo, J. & Mu\u00f1oz, F. J. Design issues involved in the development of a membrane-based high-temperature nanocalorimeter. Microelectron. Eng. 84, 1288\u20131291 (2007).","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"1426_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burke, B. G., Lavan, D. A., Gates, R. S. & Osborn, W. A. Nanoscale specific heat capacity measurements using optoelectronic bilayer microcantilevers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 243112 (2012).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4772477"},{"key":"1426_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2010.0286","volume":"25","author":"PJ McCluskey","year":"2010","unstructured":"McCluskey, P. J. & Vlassak, J. J. Combinatorial nanocalorimetry. J. Mater. Res. 25, 2086\u20132100 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"1426_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0116811","volume":"35","author":"MY Efremov","year":"2002","unstructured":"Efremov, M. Y. et al. Thin-film differential scanning calorimetry: a new probe for assignment of the glass transition of ultrathin polymer films. Macromolecules 35, 1481\u20131483 (2002).","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"1426_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"076002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.076002","volume":"124","author":"A Vila-Costa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vila-Costa, A. et al. Nucleation and growth of the supercooled liquid phase control glass transition in bulk ultrastable glasses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 076002 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"1426_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1520714","volume":"81","author":"M Zhang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhang, M., Efremov, M. Y., Olson, E. A., Zhang, Z. S. & Allen, L. H. Real-time heat capacity measurement during thin-film deposition by scanning nanocalorimetry. Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 3801\u20133803 (2002).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"1426_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2003.08.019","volume":"412","author":"MY Efremov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Efremov, M. Y. et al. Thin-film differential scanning nanocalorimetry: heat capacity analysis. Thermochim. Acta 412, 13\u201323 (2004).","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"1426_CR23","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. A Comprehensive Study of the Howland Current Pump. Appl. Rep. SNOA474A www.ti.com (2013)."},{"key":"1426_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140407","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.83.140407","volume":"83","author":"M Molina-Ruiz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Molina-Ruiz, M. et al. Evidence of finite-size effect on the N\u00e9el temperature in ultrathin layers of CoO nanograins. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 83, 140407 (2011).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys."},{"key":"1426_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.67.054408","volume":"67","author":"YJ Tang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tang, Y. J. et al. Finite size effects on the moment and ordering temperature in antiferromagnetic CoO layers. Phys. Rev. B. 67, 054408 (2003).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B."},{"key":"1426_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Queen, D. R. & Hellman, F. Thin film nanocalorimeter for heat capacity measurements of 30 nm films. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 063901 (2009).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3142463"},{"key":"1426_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickey, K. J., Chilcote, M. & Johnston-Halperin, E. Nanogram calorimetry using microscale suspended SiNx platforms fabricated via focused ion beam patterning. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 014903 (2015).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4905364"},{"key":"1426_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.20921","volume":"44","author":"H Huth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huth, H., Minakov, A. A. & Schick, C. Differential AC-chip calorimeter for glass transition measurements in ultrathin films. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 44, 2996\u20133005 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"1426_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, K., Gregoire, J. M., McCluskey, P. J. & Vlassak, J. J. A scanning AC calorimetry technique for the analysis of nano-scale quantities of materials. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 114901 (2012).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4763571"},{"key":"1426_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ftouni, H. et al. Specific heat measurement of thin suspended SiN membrane from 8 K to 300 K using the 3\u03c9-V\u00f6lklein method. Review of Scientific Instruments 84, (2013).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4821501"},{"key":"1426_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/pk7p-jxdp","volume":"25","author":"Y Le","year":"2025","unstructured":"Le, Y., Song, E., Li, J. & Henriksen, E. A. Simultaneous measurement of thermal conductivity and specific heat in quasi-2D membranes by 3\u03c9 thermal transport. Phys. Rev. Appl. 25, 034002, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/pk7p-jxdp (2025).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Appl."},{"key":"1426_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2018.08.006","volume":"668","author":"E Franke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Franke, E., LaVan, D. A. & Volkert, C. A. Quantifying DC differential scanning nanocalorimetry for determining heat capacities. Thermochim. Acta 668, 116\u2013125 (2018).","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"1426_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(99)00298-1","volume":"342","author":"AA Minakov","year":"1999","unstructured":"Minakov, A. A., Bugoslavsky, Y.uV. & Schick, C. Dynamic heat capacity measurements in advanced AC calorimetry. Thermochim. Acta 342, 7\u201318 (1999).","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"}],"container-title":["Microsystems &amp; Nanoengineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01426-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01426-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01426-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:01:57Z","timestamp":1789876917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41378-026-01426-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1426"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41378-026-01426-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2055-7434"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2055-7434","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"323"}}