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Eight mRNAs relating to BBB function, a microglia and three immune cell markers were measured by qPCR in the prefrontal cortex from 37 people with schizophrenia\/schizoaffective disorder and 37 matched controls. This cohort was previously grouped into \u201chigh inflammation\u201d and \u201clow inflammation\u201d subgroups based on cortical inflammatory-related transcripts. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM1) was measured in the plasma of 78 patients with schizophrenia\/schizoaffective disorder and 73 healthy controls. We found that\u00a0sICAM1 was significantly elevated in schizophrenia. An efflux transporter, ABCG2, was lower, while mRNAs encoding VE-cadherin and ICAM1 were higher in schizophrenia brain. The \u201chigh inflammation\u201d schizophrenia subgroup had lower ABCG2 and higher ICAM1, VE-cadherin, occludin and interferon-induced transmembrane protein mRNAs compared to both \u201clow inflammation\u201d schizophrenia and \u201clow inflammation\u201d control subgroups. ICAM1 immunohistochemistry showed enrichment in brain endothelium regardless of diagnosis and was localised to astrocytes in some brains. Microglia mRNA was not altered in schizophrenia nor did it correlate with ICAM1 expression. Immune cell mRNAs were elevated in \u201chigh inflammation\u201d schizophrenia compared to both \u201clow inflammation\u201d schizophrenia and controls. CD163+ perivascular macrophages were identified by immunohistochemistry in brain parenchyma in over 40% of \u201chigh inflammation\u201d schizophrenia brains. People with high levels of cytokine expression and schizophrenia display changes consistent with greater immune cell transmigration into brain via increased ICAM1, which could contribute to other neuropathological changes found in this subgroup of people.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0235-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T20:41:40Z","timestamp":1536698500000},"page":"761-775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":196,"title":["Increased macrophages and\u00a0changed brain endothelial cell gene expression in the frontal cortex of people with schizophrenia displaying inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Helen Q.","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vibeke S.","family":"Catts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maree J.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherrie","family":"Galletly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryanne","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas W","family":"Weickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia Shannon","family":"Weickert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"235_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/09629350120072761","volume":"10","author":"AB Erbagcica","year":"2001","unstructured":"Erbagcica AB, Herken H, K\u00f6yl\u00fcoglu O, Yilmaz N, Tarak\u00e7ioglu M. 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