{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T14:53:09Z","timestamp":1792248789307,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH U01 MH119690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH U01 MH119690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006955","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Office of Extramural Research, National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH U01 MH119690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH U01 MH119690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schizophrenia is a severe, complex mental disorder characterized by a combination of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and impaired cognitive function. Schizophrenia is highly heritable (~80%) with multifactorial etiology and complex polygenic genetic architecture. Despite the large number of genetic variants associated with schizophrenia, few causal variants have been established. Gaining insight into the mechanistic influences of these genetic variants may facilitate our ability to apply these findings to prevention and treatment. Though there have been more than 300 studies of gene expression in schizophrenia over the past 15 years, none of the studies have yielded consistent evidence for specific genes that contribute to schizophrenia risk. The aim of this work is to conduct a systematic review and synthesis of case\u2013control studies of genome-wide gene expression in schizophrenia. Comprehensive literature searches were completed in PubMed, EmBase, and Web of Science, and after a systematic review of the studies, data were extracted from those that met the following inclusion criteria: human case\u2013control studies comparing the genome-wide transcriptome of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia to healthy controls published between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2020 in the English language. Genes differentially expressed in cases were extracted from these studies, and overlapping genes were compared to previous research findings from the genome-wide association, structural variation, and tissue-expression studies. The transcriptome-wide analysis identified different genes than those previously reported in genome-wide association, exome sequencing, and structural variation studies of schizophrenia. Only one gene, GBP2, was replicated in five studies. Previous work has shown that this gene may play a role in immune function in the etiology of schizophrenia, which in turn could have implications for risk profiling, prevention, and treatment. This review highlights the methodological inconsistencies that impede valid meta-analyses and synthesis across studies. Standardization of the use of covariates, gene nomenclature, and methods for reporting results could enhance our understanding of the potential mechanisms through which genes exert their influence on the etiology of schizophrenia. Although these results are promising, collaborative efforts with harmonization of methodology will facilitate the identification of the role of genes underlying schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01420-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T09:02:46Z","timestamp":1643360566000},"page":"1373-1383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["What genes are differentially expressed in individuals with schizophrenia? A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2253-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison K.","family":"Merikangas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Shelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexys","family":"Knighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Kotler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0626-2821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Tanenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Almasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1420_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01121-6","volume":"388","author":"MJ Owen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Owen MJ, Sawa A, Mortensen PB. Schizophrenia. Lancet. 2016;388:86\u201397.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1420_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12660","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12660","volume":"19","author":"AK Merikangas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Merikangas AK, Almasy L. Using the tools of genetic epidemiology to understand sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders. Genes Brain Behav. 2020;19:e12660.","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav"},{"key":"1420_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2021.02.014","volume":"68","author":"E Rees","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rees E, Kirov G. Copy number variation and neuropsychiatric illness. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2021;68:57\u201363.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"1420_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","volume":"511","author":"Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511:421\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1420_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.09.035","volume":"75","author":"A Hayashi-Takagi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hayashi-Takagi A, Vawter MP, Iwamoto K. Peripheral biomarkers revisited: integrative profiling of peripheral samples for psychiatric research. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75:920\u20138.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackstock JC. Gene expression. In: Blackstock JC, editor. Guide to biochemistry. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1989. p. 208\u201321.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7236-1151-6.50023-6"},{"key":"1420_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volgin DV. Gene Expression: analysis and quantitation. In: Verma AS, Singh A, editors. Animal biotechnology. San Diego: Academic Press; 2014. p. 307\u201325.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416002-6.00017-1"},{"key":"1420_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elv017","volume":"14","author":"ER Gamazon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gamazon ER, Stranger BE. The impact of human copy number variation on gene expression. Brief Funct Genomics. 2015;14:352\u20137.","journal-title":"Brief Funct Genomics"},{"key":"1420_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-017-0293-y","volume":"10","author":"R Rodriguez-Esteban","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Esteban R, Jiang X. Differential gene expression in disease: a comparison between high-throughput studies and the literature. BMC Med Genomics. 2017;10:59.","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"1420_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6156","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1500-y","volume":"56","author":"S Swarbrick","year":"2019","unstructured":"Swarbrick S, Wragg N, Ghosh S, Stolzing A. Systematic review of miRNA as biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2019;56:6156\u201367.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1420_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.10.012","volume":"62","author":"EJ Blok","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blok EJ, Bastiaannet E, van den Hout WB, Liefers GJ, Smit V, Kroep JR, et al. Systematic review of the clinical and economic value of gene expression profiles for invasive early breast cancer available in Europe. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018;62:74\u201390.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"1420_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2010.51","volume":"12","author":"J Maertzdorf","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maertzdorf J, Repsilber D, Parida SK, Stanley K, Roberts T, Black G, et al. Human gene expression profiles of susceptibility and resistance in tuberculosis. Genes Immun. 2011;12:15\u201322.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"key":"1420_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.173","volume":"6","author":"MM Darby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Darby MM, Yolken RH, Sabunciyan S. Consistently altered expression of gene sets in postmortem brains of individuals with major psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6:e890.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0458-5","volume":"9","author":"RC Ramaker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramaker RC, Bowling KM, Lasseigne BN, Hagenauer MH, Hardigan AA, Davis NS, et al. Post-mortem molecular profiling of three psychiatric disorders. Genome Med. 2017;9:72.","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"1420_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412442405","volume":"46","author":"N Kumarasinghe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumarasinghe N, Tooney PA, Schall U. Finding the needle in the haystack: a review of microarray gene expression research into schizophrenia. Aust N. Z J Psychiatry. 2012;46:598\u2013610.","journal-title":"Aust N. Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa0355","volume":"348","author":"M Mele","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mele M, Ferreira PG, Reverter F, DeLuca DS, Monlong J, Sammeth M, et al. Human transcriptome across tissues and individuals. Science. 2015;348:660\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1420_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2653","volume":"45","author":"GTEx Consortium.","year":"2013","unstructured":"GTEx Consortium. The genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) project. Nat Genet. 2013;45:580\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1420_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn013","volume":"34","author":"NJ Bray","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bray NJ. Gene expression in the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34:412\u20138.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1420_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001558","volume":"10","author":"PJ Harrison","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harrison PJ, Weinberger DR. Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10:40\u201368.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406287536","volume":"12","author":"K Iwamoto","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iwamoto K, Kato T. Gene expression profiling in schizophrenia and related mental disorders. Neuroscientist. 2006;12:349\u201361.","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"1420_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01862-2","volume":"24","author":"K Mirnics","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mirnics K, Middleton FA, Lewis DA, Levitt P. Analysis of complex brain disorders with gene expression microarrays: schizophrenia as a disease of the synapse. Trends Neurosci. 2001;24:479\u201386.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1420_CR22","unstructured":"What genes are differentially expressed in individuals with schizophrenia? PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020132433. 2020. https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020132433. Accessed 27 July 2021."},{"key":"1420_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5:210.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1420_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110379","volume":"9","author":"ER McConnell","year":"2014","unstructured":"McConnell ER, Bell SM, Cote I, Wang RL, Perkins EJ, Garcia-Reyero N, et al. Systematic Omics Analysis Review (SOAR) tool to support risk assessment. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e110379.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1420_CR25","unstructured":"Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Ripke S, Walters JT, O\u2019Donovan MC. Mapping genomic loci prioritises genes and implicates synaptic biology in schizophrenia. medRxiv:2020.2009.2012.20192922 [Preprint]. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.09.12.20192922v1."},{"key":"1420_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2014.07.001","volume":"2","author":"E Rees","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rees E, O\u2019Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Genetics of schizophrenia. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2015;2:8\u201314.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"key":"1420_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh T, Neale BM, Daly MJ, Consortium obotSEM-A. Exome sequencing identifies rare coding variants in 10 genes which confer substantial risk for schizophrenia. medRxiv: 2020.2009.2018.20192815. [Preprint]. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.09.18.20192815v1.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.09.18.20192815"},{"key":"1420_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01261-5","volume":"8","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watanabe K, Taskesen E, van Bochoven A, Posthuma D. Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA. Nat Commun. 2017;8:1826.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1420_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.87","volume":"6","author":"SE Ellis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellis SE, Panitch R, West AB, Arking DE. Transcriptome analysis of cortical tissue reveals shared sets of downregulated genes in autism and schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6:e817.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-7-41","volume":"7","author":"H Hagihara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hagihara H, Ohira K, Takao K, Miyakawa T. Transcriptomic evidence for immaturity of the prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia. Mol Brain. 2014;7:41.","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"1420_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30643","volume":"147B","author":"C Kakiuchi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kakiuchi C, Ishiwata M, Nanko S, Ozaki N, Iwata N, Umekage T, et al. Up-regulation of ADM and SEPX1 in the lymphoblastoid cells of patients in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008;147B:557\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"1420_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.07.002","volume":"27","author":"M Manchia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manchia M, Piras IS, Huentelman MJ, Pinna F, Zai CC, Kennedy JL, et al. Pattern of gene expression in different stages of schizophrenia: down-regulation of NPTX2 gene revealed by a meta-analysis of microarray datasets. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:1054\u201363.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1420_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.27806","volume":"9","author":"J Viana","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viana J, Pidsley R, Troakes C, Spiers H, Wong CC, Al-Sarraj S, et al. Epigenomic and transcriptomic signatures of a Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) karyotype in the brain. Epigenetics. 2014;9:587\u201399.","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"1420_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145706007310","volume":"10","author":"V Haroutunian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haroutunian V, Katsel P, Dracheva S, Stewart DG, Davis KL. Variations in oligodendrocyte-related gene expression across multiple cortical regions: implications for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;10:565\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"1420_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-S9-S6","volume":"15","author":"KC Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang KC, Yang KC, Lin H, Tsao TT, Lee SA. Transcriptome alterations of mitochondrial and coagulation function in schizophrenia by cortical sequencing analysis. BMC Genomics. 2014;15:S6.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"1420_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2005.03.020","volume":"77","author":"P Katsel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Katsel P, Davis KL, Gorman JM, Haroutunian V. Variations in differential gene expression patterns across multiple brain regions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2005;77:241\u201352.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1420_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032618","volume":"7","author":"NJ van Beveren","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Beveren NJ, Buitendijk GH, Swagemakers S, Krab LC, Roder C, de Haan L, et al. Marked reduction of AKT1 expression and deregulation of AKT1-associated pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of schizophrenia patients. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e32618.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1420_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.12.012","volume":"185","author":"ST Narla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Narla ST, Lee YW, Benson CA, Sarder P, Brennand KJ, Stachowiak EK, et al. Common developmental genome deprogramming in schizophrenia\u2014role of Integrative Nuclear FGFR1 Signaling (INFS). Schizophr Res. 2017;185:17\u201332.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1420_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.05.007","volume":"63","author":"HC Yu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu HC, Wu J, Zhang HX, Zhang GL, Sui J, Tong WW, et al. Alterations of miR-132 are novel diagnostic biomarkers in peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2015;63:23\u201329.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.3.300","volume":"61","author":"C Konradi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Konradi C, Eaton M, MacDonald ML, Walsh J, Benes FM, Heckers S. Molecular evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:300\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.013","volume":"103","author":"L Collado-Torres","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collado-Torres L, Burke EE, Peterson A, Shin J, Straub RE, Rajpurohit A, et al. Regional heterogeneity in gene expression, regulation, and coherence in the frontal cortex and hippocampus across development and schizophrenia. Neuron. 2019;103:203\u201316. e208","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"1420_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3340","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.896927","volume":"22","author":"S Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen S, Sun X, Niu W, Kong L, He M, Li W, et al. Aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs in schizophrenia patients. Med Sci Monit. 2016;22:3340\u201351.","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"1420_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0364-4","volume":"51","author":"LM Huckins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huckins LM, Dobbyn A, Ruderfer DM, Hoffman G, Wang W, Pardinas AF, et al. Gene expression imputation across multiple brain regions provides insights into schizophrenia risk. Nat Genet. 2019;51:659\u201374.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1420_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.12.010","volume":"53","author":"JQ Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu JQ, Green MJ, Gardiner EJ, Tooney PA, Scott RJ, Carr VJ, et al. Altered neural signaling and immune pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of schizophrenia patients with cognitive impairment: a transcriptome analysis. Brain Behav Immun. 2016;53:194\u2013206.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"1420_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-012-0306-y","volume":"262","author":"A Schmitt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmitt A, Leonardi-Essmann F, Durrenberger PF, Wichert SP, Spanagel R, Arzberger T, et al. Structural synaptic elements are differentially regulated in superior temporal cortex of schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;262:565\u201377.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1420_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-013-0473-5","volume":"264","author":"C Sellmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sellmann C, Villarin Pildain L, Schmitt A, Leonardi-Essmann F, Durrenberger PF, Spanagel R, et al. Gene expression in superior temporal cortex of schizophrenia patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264:297\u2013309.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1420_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.31006","volume":"153B","author":"CA Bousman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bousman CA, Chana G, Glatt SJ, Chandler SD, Lucero GR, Tatro E, et al. Preliminary evidence of ubiquitin proteasome system dysregulation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: convergent pathway analysis findings from two independent samples. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2010;153B:494\u2013502.","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"1420_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.78","volume":"17","author":"E Gardiner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gardiner E, Beveridge NJ, Wu JQ, Carr V, Scott RJ, Tooney PA, et al. Imprinted DLK1-DIO3 region of 14q32 defines a schizophrenia-associated miRNA signature in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:827\u201340.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.14030273","volume":"172","author":"H Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei H, Yuan Y, Liu S, Wang C, Yang F, Lu Z, et al. Detection of circulating miRNA levels in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172:1141\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbu148","volume":"41","author":"F Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang F, Xu Y, Shugart YY, Yue W, Qi G, Yuan G, et al. Converging evidence implicates the abnormal microRNA system in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41:728\u201335.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1420_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00024-G","volume":"17","author":"R Corcoran","year":"1995","unstructured":"Corcoran R, Mercer G, Frith CD. Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: investigating \u201ctheory of mind\u201d in people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1995;17:5\u201313.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1420_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbs075","volume":"15","author":"B Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu B, Li J, Cairns MJ. Identifying miRNAs, targets and functions. Brief Bioinform. 2014;15:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"1420_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.101732","volume":"185","author":"MMJ van den Berg","year":"2020","unstructured":"van den Berg MMJ, Krauskopf J, Ramaekers JG, Kleinjans JCS, Prickaerts J, Briede JJ. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol. 2020;185:101732.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1420_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.022","volume":"34","author":"T Tian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tian T, Wei Z, Chang X, Liu Y, Gur RE, Sleiman PMA, et al. The long noncoding RNA landscape in amygdala tissues from schizophrenia patients. EBioMedicine. 2018;34:171\u201381.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"1420_CR55","unstructured":"GeneCards: GBP2 Gene. https:\/\/www.genecards.org\/cgi-bin\/carddisp.pl?gene=GBP2&keywords=GBP2, 1996\u20132021. Accessed 27 July 2021."},{"key":"1420_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3109\/01677063.2015.1122787","volume":"29","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang Y, Wu R, Chen C, You ZF, Luo X, Wang XP. Six novel rare non-synonymous mutations for migraine without aura identified by exome sequencing. J Neurogenet. 2015;29:188\u201394.","journal-title":"J Neurogenet"},{"key":"1420_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-012-0404-8","volume":"21","author":"P Godoy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Godoy P, Cadenas C, Hellwig B, Marchan R, Stewart J, Reif R, et al. Interferon-inducible guanylate binding protein (GBP2) is associated with better prognosis in breast cancer and indicates an efficient T cell response. Breast Cancer. 2014;21:491\u20139.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"1420_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11423","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11423","volume":"9","author":"B Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu B, Huang R, Fu T, He P, Du C, Zhou W, et al. GBP2 as a potential prognostic biomarker in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PeerJ. 2021;9:e11423.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"1420_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6686284","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6686284","volume":"2021","author":"LB Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song LB, Luan JC, Zhang QJ, Chen L, Wang HY, Cao XC, et al. The identification and validation of a robust immune-associated gene signature in cutaneous melanoma. J Immunol Res. 2021;2021:6686284.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"1420_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10890","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa832","volume":"48","author":"S Srinivasachar Badarinarayan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Srinivasachar Badarinarayan S, Shcherbakova I, Langer S, Koepke L, Preising A, Hotter D, et al. HIV-1 infection activates endogenous retroviral promoters regulating antiviral gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;48:10890\u2013908.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"1420_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhtari R, Lachman HM. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in schizophrenia: a review. J Clin Cell Immunol. 2016;7:479\u201385.","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9899.1000479"},{"key":"1420_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00063","volume":"2","author":"AS Brown","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brown AS. Exposure to prenatal infection and risk of schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2011;2:63.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR63","unstructured":"GeneCards: IFITM3 Gene. https:\/\/www.genecards.org\/cgi-bin\/carddisp.pl?gene=IFITM3, 1996-2021. Accessed 27 July 2021."},{"key":"1420_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0492-8","volume":"9","author":"TA Lanz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lanz TA, Reinhart V, Sheehan MJ, Rizzo SJS, Bove SE, James LC, et al. Postmortem transcriptional profiling reveals widespread increase in inflammation in schizophrenia: a comparison of prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus among matched tetrads of controls with subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar or major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:151.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1332-0","volume":"15","author":"S Yamada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamada S, Itoh N, Nagai T, Nakai T, Ibi D, Nakajima A, et al. Innate immune activation of astrocytes impairs neurodevelopment via upregulation of follistatin-like 1 and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3. J Neuroinflammation. 2018;15:295.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1420_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15010019","volume":"172","author":"DW Volk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Volk DW, Chitrapu A, Edelson JR, Roman KM, Moroco AE, Lewis DA. Molecular mechanisms and timing of cortical immune activation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172:1112\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR67","unstructured":"GeneCards: KRAS Gene. https:\/\/www.genecards.org\/cgi-bin\/carddisp.pl?gene=KRAS, 1996-2021. Accessed 27 July 2021."},{"key":"1420_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2011.109","volume":"24","author":"SI Chiosea","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chiosea SI, Sherer CK, Jelic T, Dacic S. KRAS mutant allele-specific imbalance in lung adenocarcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2011;24:1571\u20137.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"1420_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27461","volume":"131","author":"DJ Hartman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hartman DJ, Davison JM, Foxwell TJ, Nikiforova MN, Chiosea SI. Mutant allele-specific imbalance modulates prognostic impact of KRAS mutations in colorectal adenocarcinoma and is associated with worse overall survival. Int J Cancer. 2012;131:1810\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"1420_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.71","volume":"26","author":"AM Krasinskas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krasinskas AM, Moser AJ, Saka B, Adsay NV, Chiosea SI. KRAS mutant allele-specific imbalance is associated with worse prognosis in pancreatic cancer and progression to undifferentiated carcinoma of the pancreas. Mod Pathol. 2013;26:1346\u201354.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"1420_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1748","volume":"38","author":"S Schubbert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schubbert S, Zenker M, Rowe SL, Boll S, Klein C, Bollag G, et al. Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome. Nat Genet. 2006;38:331\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1420_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2878","volume":"39","author":"J Du","year":"2017","unstructured":"Du J, Zhang L. Pathway deviation-based biomarker and multi-effect target identification in asbestos-related squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Int J Mol Med. 2017;39:579\u201386.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"1420_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-019-00469-5","volume":"43","author":"SMG Hayat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hayat SMG, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Jaafari MR, Hatamipour M, Sahebkar A. CD47: role in the immune system and application to cancer therapy. Cell Oncol. 2020;43:19\u201330.","journal-title":"Cell Oncol"},{"key":"1420_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-01982-5","volume":"137","author":"M Hellwig","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hellwig M, Lauffer MC, Bockmayr M, Spohn M, Merk DJ, Harrison L, et al. TCF4 (E2-2) harbors tumor suppressive functions in SHH medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol. 2019;137:657\u201373.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"1420_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0213488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213488","volume":"14","author":"GT Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee GT, Rosenfeld JA, Kim WT, Kwon YS, Palapattu G, Mehra R, et al. TCF4 induces enzalutamide resistance via neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0213488.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1420_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3892","volume":"49","author":"JD McKay","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKay JD, Hung RJ, Han Y, Zong X, Carreras-Torres R, Christiani DC, et al. Large-scale association analysis identifies new lung cancer susceptibility loci and heterogeneity in genetic susceptibility across histological subtypes. Nat Genet. 2017;49:1126\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1420_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-1227","volume":"6","author":"SP Kar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kar SP, Beesley J, Amin Al Olama A, Michailidou K, Tyrer J, Kote-Jarai Z, et al. Genome-wide meta-analyses of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer association studies identify multiple new susceptibility loci shared by at least two cancer types. Cancer Discov. 2016;6:1052\u201367.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"1420_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1603547","volume":"16","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Y, Shen J, Ran Z. Emerging views of mitophagy in immunity and autoimmune diseases. Autophagy. 2020;16:3\u201317.","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"1420_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2009.12.009","volume":"22","author":"V Deretic","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deretic V. Autophagy in infection. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010;22:252\u201362.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"1420_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.03.014","volume":"80","author":"J Mossakowska-Wojcik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mossakowska-Wojcik J, Orzechowska A, Talarowska M, Szemraj J, Galecki P. The importance of TCF4 gene in the etiology of recurrent depressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;80:304\u20138.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0416-1","volume":"22","author":"D Demontis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Demontis D, Rajagopal VM, Thorgeirsson TE, Als TD, Grove J, Leppala K, et al. Genome-wide association study implicates CHRNA2 in cannabis use disorder. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:1066\u201374.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"1420_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00256","volume":"11","author":"H Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu H, Sun Y, Zhang X, Li S, Hu D, Xiao L, et al. Integrated analysis of summary statistics to identify pleiotropic genes and pathways for the comorbidity of schizophrenia and cardiometabolic disease. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:256.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.12.022","volume":"90","author":"R Saxena","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saxena R, Elbers CC, Guo Y, Peter I, Gaunt TR, Mega JL, et al. Large-scale gene-centric meta-analysis across 39 studies identifies type 2 diabetes loci. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90:410\u201325.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"1420_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-010-0112-8","volume":"10","author":"M Hasnain","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hasnain M, Fredrickson SK, Vieweg WV, Pandurangi AK. Metabolic syndrome associated with schizophrenia and atypical antipsychotics. Curr Diab Rep. 2010;10:209\u201316.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep."},{"key":"1420_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.131052","volume":"204","author":"E Rees","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rees E, Walters JT, Georgieva L, Isles AR, Chambert KD, Richards AL, et al. Analysis of copy number variations at 15 schizophrenia-associated loci. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:108\u201314.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20274","volume":"15","author":"MJ Owen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Owen MJ, Doherty JL. What can we learn from the high rates of schizophrenia in people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome? World Psychiatry. 2016;15:23\u201325.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1261877","volume":"348","author":"MA Rivas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rivas MA, Pirinen M, Conrad DF, Lek M, Tsang EK, Karczewski KJ, et al. Human genomics. Effect of predicted protein-truncating genetic variants on the human transcriptome. Science. 2015;348:666\u20139.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1420_CR88","unstructured":"NCBI Gene: SPHK2 sphingosine kinase 2. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/gene?cmd=retrieve&list_uids=56848, 2021. Accessed 27 July 2021."},{"key":"1420_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003964","volume":"3","author":"LW Harris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harris LW, Wayland M, Lan M, Ryan M, Giger T, Lockstone H, et al. The cerebral microvasculature in schizophrenia: a laser capture microdissection study. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e3964.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1420_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100309","volume":"14","author":"FR Wendt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Levey DF, Nunez YZ, Overstreet C, Tyrrell C, et al. Sex-stratified gene-by-environment genome-wide interaction study of trauma, posttraumatic-stress, and suicidality. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;14:100309.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"1420_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002812","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002812","volume":"8","author":"GS Barsh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barsh GS, Copenhaver GP, Gibson G, Williams SM. Guidelines for genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1002812.","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"1420_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.94","volume":"3","author":"Y Hwang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hwang Y, Kim J, Shin JY, Kim JI, Seo JS, Webster MJ, et al. Gene expression profiling by mRNA sequencing reveals increased expression of immune\/inflammation-related genes in the hippocampus of individuals with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3:e321.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.02.027","volume":"137","author":"RE Peterson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peterson RE, Bigdeli TB, Ripke S, Bacanu SA, Gejman PV, Levinson DF, et al. Genome-wide analyses of smoking behaviors in schizophrenia: findings from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;137:215\u201324.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1420_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-3-29","volume":"3","author":"JC Charlesworth","year":"2010","unstructured":"Charlesworth JC, Curran JE, Johnson MP, Goring HH, Dyer TD, Diego VP, et al. Transcriptomic epidemiology of smoking: the effect of smoking on gene expression in lymphocytes. BMC Med Genomics. 2010;3:29.","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"1420_CR95","first-page":"4611","volume":"25","author":"T Huan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huan T, Joehanes R, Schurmann C, Schramm K, Pilling LC, Peters MJ, et al. A whole-blood transcriptome meta-analysis identifies gene expression signatures of cigarette smoking. Hum Mol Genet. 2016;25:4611\u201323.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"1420_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-019-0073-0","volume":"5","author":"VK Ota","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ota VK, Moretti PN, Santoro ML, Talarico F, Spindola LM, Xavier G, et al. Gene expression over the course of schizophrenia: from clinical high-risk for psychosis to chronic stages. NPJ Schizophr. 2019;5:5.","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"1420_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0059-8","volume":"24","author":"ME Hauberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hauberg ME, Fullard JF, Zhu L, Cohain AT, Giambartolomei C, Misir R, et al. Differential activity of transcribed enhancers in the prefrontal cortex of 537 cases with schizophrenia and controls. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24:1685\u201395.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0183-6","volume":"6","author":"GE Hoffman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hoffman GE, Bendl J, Voloudakis G, Montgomery KS, Sloofman L, Wang YC, et al. CommonMind consortium provides transcriptomic and epigenomic data for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Sci Data. 2019;6:180.","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"1420_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3625","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003625","volume":"3","author":"J Mudge","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mudge J, Miller NA, Khrebtukova I, Lindquist IE, May GD, Huntley JJ, et al. Genomic convergence analysis of schizophrenia: mRNA sequencing reveals altered synaptic vesicular transport in post-mortem cerebellum. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e3625.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1420_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.031","volume":"58","author":"CA Altar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Altar CA, Jurata LW, Charles V, Lemire A, Liu P, Bukhman Y, et al. Deficient hippocampal neuron expression of proteasome, ubiquitin, and mitochondrial genes in multiple schizophrenia cohorts. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:85\u201396.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59516-z","volume":"10","author":"S Arora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arora S, Pattwell SS, Holland EC, Bolouri H. Variability in estimated gene expression among commonly used RNA-seq pipelines. Sci Rep. 2020;10:2734.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"1420_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079217","volume":"8","author":"AL Tarca","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tarca AL, Bhatti G, Romero R. A comparison of gene set analysis methods in terms of sensitivity, prioritization and specificity. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e79217.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1420_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2009.03.005","volume":"43","author":"MR Kuzman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuzman MR, Medved V, Terzic J, Krainc D. Genome-wide expression analysis of peripheral blood identifies candidate biomarkers for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43:1073\u20137.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1420_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.03.021","volume":"200","author":"J Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee J, Goh LK, Chen G, Verma S, Tan CH, Lee TS. Analysis of blood-based gene expression signature in first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200:52\u201354.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1420_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.05.011","volume":"209","author":"DJ Leirer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leirer DJ, Iyegbe CO, Di Forti M, Patel H, Carra E, Fraietta S, et al. Differential gene expression analysis in blood of first episode psychosis patients. Schizophr Res. 2019;209:88\u201397.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1420_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-017-0030-5","volume":"8","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu Y, Chang X, Hahn CG, Gur RE, Sleiman PAM, Hakonarson H. Non-coding RNA dysregulation in the amygdala region of schizophrenia patients contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:44.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036351","volume":"7","author":"JQ Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu JQ, Wang X, Beveridge NJ, Tooney PA, Scott RJ, Carr VJ, et al. Transcriptome sequencing revealed significant alteration of cortical promoter usage and splicing in schizophrenia. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e36351.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1420_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116686","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116686","volume":"10","author":"N Cattane","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cattane N, Minelli A, Milanesi E, Maj C, Bignotti S, Bortolomasi M, et al. Altered gene expression in schizophrenia: findings from transcriptional signatures in fibroblasts and blood. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0116686.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1420_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-016-0366-0","volume":"10","author":"M Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin M, Pedrosa E, Hrabovsky A, Chen J, Puliafito BR, Gilbert SR, et al. Integrative transcriptome network analysis of iPSC-derived neurons from schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients with 22q11.2 deletion. BMC Syst Biol. 2016;10:105.","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"key":"1420_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.47","volume":"7","author":"AR Sanders","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sanders AR, Drigalenko EI, Duan J, Moy W, Freda J, Goring HHH, et al. Transcriptome sequencing study implicates immune-related genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia: new data and a meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1093.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1420_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt350","volume":"22","author":"AR Sanders","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanders AR, Goring HH, Duan J, Drigalenko EI, Moy W, Freda J, et al. Transcriptome study of differential expression in schizophrenia. Hum Mol Genet. 2013;22:5001\u201314.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-021-01420-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-021-01420-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-021-01420-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,11]],"date-time":"2023-02-11T17:04:39Z","timestamp":1676135079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-021-01420-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-021-01420-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}