{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T20:29:35Z","timestamp":1789417775756,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-01358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-01358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychiatric comorbidity can be accounted for by a latent general psychopathology factor (p factor), which quantifies the variance that is shared to varying degrees by every dimension of psychopathology. It is unclear whether the entire continuum of the p factor shares the same genetic origin. We investigated whether mild, moderate, and extreme elevations on the p factor shared the same genetic etiology by, first, examining the linearity of the association between p factors across siblings (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009580,891 pairs). Second, we estimated the group heritability in a twin sample (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917,170 pairs), which involves testing whether the same genetic variants influence both extreme and normal variations in the p factor. In both samples, the p factor was based on 10 register-based psychiatric diagnoses. Results showed that the association between siblings\u2019 p factors appeared linear, even into the extreme range. Likewise, the twin group heritabilities ranged from 0.42 to 0.45 (95% CI: 0.33\u20130.57) depending on the thresholds defining the probands (2\u20133.33\u2009SD beyond the mean; &gt;2\u2009SD beyond the mean; &gt;4.33\u2009SD beyond the mean; and &gt;5.33\u2009SD beyond the mean), and these estimates were highly similar to the estimated individual differences heritability (0.41, 95% CI: 0.39\u20130.43), indicating that scores above and below these thresholds shared a common genetic origin. Together, these results suggest that the entire continuum of the p factor shares the same genetic origin, with common genetic variants likely playing an important role. This implies, first, genetic risk factors for the aspect that is shared between all forms of psychopathology (i.e., genetic risk factors for the p factor) might be generalizable between population-based cohorts with a higher prevalence of milder cases, and clinical samples with a preponderance of more severe cases. Second, prioritizing low-cost genome-wide association studies capable of identifying common genetic variants, rather than expensive whole genome sequencing that can identify rare variants, may increase the efficiency when studying the genetic architecture of the p factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02552-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T14:02:43Z","timestamp":1712757763000},"page":"2921-2928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring the genetic etiology across the continuum of the general psychopathology factor: a Swedish population-based family and twin study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3540-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3037-5287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Lichtenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Kotov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6851-3297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Pettersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2552_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593\u2013602.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.359","volume":"71","author":"BB Lahey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lahey BB, Zald DH, Hakes JK, Krueger RF, Rathouz PJ. Patterns of heterotypic continuity associated with the cross-sectional correlational structure of prevalent mental disorders in adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71:989\u201396.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e203221","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3221","volume":"3","author":"A Caspi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caspi A, Houts RM, Ambler A, Danese A, Elliott ML, Hariri A, et al. Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Health Disorders and Comorbidities Across 4 Decades Among Participants in the Dunedin Birth Cohort Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e203221.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2552_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3658","volume":"76","author":"O Plana-Ripoll","year":"2019","unstructured":"Plana-Ripoll O, Pedersen CB, Holtz Y, Benros ME, Dalsgaard S, de Jonge P, et al. Exploring Comorbidity Within Mental Disorders Among a Danish National Population. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:259\u201370.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028355","volume":"121","author":"BB Lahey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lahey BB, Applegate B, Hakes JK, Zald DH, Hariri AR, Rathouz PJ. Is there a general factor of prevalent psychopathology during adulthood? J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121:971\u20137.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2552_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.192","volume":"68","author":"BB Lahey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lahey BB, Van Hulle CA, Singh AL, Waldman ID, Rathouz PJ. Higher-Order Genetic and Environmental Structure of Prevalent Forms of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:181\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613497473","volume":"2","author":"A Caspi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caspi A, Houts RM, Belsky DW, Goldman-Mellor SJ, Harrington H, Israel S, et al. The p Factor:One General Psychopathology Factor in the Structure of Psychiatric Disorders? Clin Psychological Sci. 2014;2:119\u201337.","journal-title":"Clin Psychological Sci"},{"key":"2552_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258","volume":"126","author":"R Kotov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kotov R, Krueger RF, Watson D, Achenbach TM, Althoff RR, Bagby RM, et al. The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. J Abnorm Psychol. 2017;126:454\u201377.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2552_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000486","volume":"129","author":"MA Waszczuk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waszczuk MA, Eaton NR, Krueger RF, Shackman AJ, Waldman ID, Zald DH, et al. Redefining phenotypes to advance psychiatric genetics: Implications from hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology. J Abnorm Psychol. 2020;129:143\u201361.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2552_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17121383","volume":"175","author":"A Caspi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Caspi A, Moffitt TE. All for One and One for All: Mental Disorders in One Dimension. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175:831\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000069","volume":"143","author":"BB Lahey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lahey BB, Krueger RF, Rathouz PJ, Waldman ID, Zald DH. A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across the life span. Psychological Bull. 2017;143:142\u201386.","journal-title":"Psychological Bull"},{"key":"2552_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.09.498","volume":"55","author":"A Neumann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neumann A, Pappa I, Lahey BB, Verhulst FC, Medina-Gomez C, Jaddoe VW, et al. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Heritability of a General Psychopathology Factor in Children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55:1038\u20131045.e4.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.116","volume":"21","author":"E Pettersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pettersson E, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P. Common psychiatric disorders share the same genetic origin: a multivariate sibling study of the Swedish population. Mol Psychiatry. 2016;21:717\u201321.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12113","volume":"54","author":"E Pettersson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pettersson E, Anckars\u00e4ter H, Gillberg C, Lichtenstein P. Different neurodevelopmental symptoms have a common genetic etiology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;54:1356\u201365.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0109-2","volume":"25","author":"I Brikell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brikell I, Larsson H, Lu Y, Pettersson E, Chen Q, Kuja-Halkola R, et al. The contribution of common genetic risk variants for ADHD to a general factor of childhood psychopathology. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:1809\u201321.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13113","volume":"61","author":"AG Allegrini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allegrini AG, Cheesman R, Rimfeld K, Selzam S, Pingault J-B, Eley TC, et al. The p factor: genetic analyses support a general dimension of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;61:30\u20139.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3180335b12","volume":"46","author":"Spatola CAM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spatola CAM, Fagnani C, Pesenti-Gritti P, Ogliari A, Stazi M-A, Battaglia M. A General Population Twin Study of the CBCL\/6-18 DSM-Oriented Scales. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:619\u201327.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102195","volume":"53","author":"AR Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim AR, Sin JE. Genetic and environmental contributions to psychopathological symptoms in adulthood: Clarifying the role of individual and parental risk factors. Asian J Psychiatry. 2020;53:102195.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000183","volume":"125","author":"ID Waldman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waldman ID, Poore HE, van Hulle C, Rathouz PJ, Lahey BB. External Validity of a Hierarchical Dimensional Model of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: Tests Using Confirmatory Factor Analyses and Multivariate Behavior Genetic Analyses. J Abnorm Psychol. 2016;125:1053\u201366.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2552_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000780","volume":"131","author":"R Avinun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Avinun R, Knafo-Noam A, Israel S. The general psychopathology factor from early to middle childhood: Longitudinal genetic and risk analyses. J Psychopathol Clin Sci. 2022;131:705\u201315.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Clin Sci"},{"key":"2552_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034151","volume":"122","author":"JL Tackett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tackett JL, Lahey BB, van Hulle C, Waldman I, Krueger RF, Rathouz PJ. Common genetic influences on negative emotionality and a general psychopathology factor in childhood and adolescence. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013;122:1142\u201353.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2552_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caspi A, Houts RM, Fisher HL, Danese A, Moffitt TE. The General Factor of Psychopathology (p): Choosing Among Competing Models and Interpreting p. Clin Psychol Sci. 2024;12:53\u201382.","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026221147872"},{"key":"2552_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4277","volume":"75","author":"D Aln\u00e6s","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aln\u00e6s D, Kaufmann T, Doan NT, C\u00f3rdova-Palomera A, Wang Y, Bettella F, et al. Association of Heritable Cognitive Ability and Psychopathology With White Matter Properties in Children and Adolescents. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:287\u201395.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.06.004","volume":"54","author":"Pappa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pappa, Fedko I, Mileva-Seitz VR IO, Hottenga J-J, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Bartels M, et al. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Heritability of Behavior Problems in Childhood: Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54:737\u201344.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0273116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273116","volume":"17","author":"A Neumann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neumann A, Nolte IM, Pappa I, Ahluwalia TS, Pettersson E, Rodriguez A, et al. A genome-wide association study of total child psychiatric problems scores. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0273116.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2552_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallard TT, Karlsson Linn\u00e9r R, Grotzinger AD, Sanchez-Roige S, Seidlitz J, Okbay A, et al. Multivariate GWAS of psychiatric disorders and their cardinal symptoms reveal two dimensions of cross-cutting genetic liabilities. Cell Genomics. 2022;2:100140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xgen.2022.100140"},{"key":"2552_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508093112","volume":"113","author":"A Reichenberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reichenberg A, Cederl\u00f6f M, McMillan A, Trzaskowski M, Kapra O, Fruchter E, et al. Discontinuity in the genetic and environmental causes of the intellectual disability spectrum. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2016;113:1098\u2013103.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2552_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13560","volume":"63","author":"P Lichtenstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lichtenstein P, Tideman M, Sullivan PF, Serlachius E, Larsson H, Kuja-Halkola R, et al. Familial risk and heritability of intellectual disability: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022;63:1092\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR29","first-page":"205","volume":"37","author":"JC DeFries","year":"1988","unstructured":"DeFries JC, Fulker DW. Multiple Regression Analysis of Twin Data: Etiology of Deviant Scores versus Individual Differences. Acta Genet Med Gemellol. 1988;37:205\u201316.","journal-title":"Acta Genet Med Gemellol"},{"key":"2552_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01066239","volume":"15","author":"JC DeFries","year":"1985","unstructured":"DeFries JC, Fulker DW. Multiple regression analysis of twin data. Behav Genet. 1985;15:467\u201373.","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"2552_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.592","volume":"131","author":"R Plomin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Plomin R, Kovas Y. Generalist Genes and Learning Disabilities. Psychol Bull. 2005;131:592\u2013617.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2552_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2002.01032.x","volume":"252","author":"P Lichtenstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lichtenstein P, De faire U, Floderus B, Svartengren M, Svedberg P, Pedersen NL. The Swedish Twin Registry: a unique resource for clinical, epidemiological and genetic studies. J Intern Med. 2002;252:184\u2013205.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2552_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510903008204","volume":"16","author":"T Asparouhov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Asparouhov T, Muth\u00e9n B. Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Struct Equ Model. 2009;16:397\u2013438.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"2552_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr0102_10","volume":"1","author":"RB Cattell","year":"1966","unstructured":"Cattell RB. The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors. Multivar Behav Res. 1966;1:245\u201376.","journal-title":"Multivar Behav Res"},{"key":"2552_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-017-9599-0","volume":"83","author":"NG Waller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waller NG. Direct Schmid\u2013Leiman Transformations and Rank-Deficient Loadings Matrices. Psychometrika. 2018;83:858\u201370.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"2552_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000471","volume":"30","author":"BP O\u2019Connor","year":"2018","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor BP. An illustration of the effects of fluctuations in test information on measurement error, the attenuation of effect sizes, and diagnostic reliability. Psychol Assess. 2018;30:991\u20131003.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2552_CR37","unstructured":"Hair Jr, JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective. 7 ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education; 2010."},{"key":"2552_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","volume":"9","author":"GW Cheung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct Equ Model. 2002;9:233\u201355.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model"},{"key":"2552_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-2241.2.2.57","volume":"2","author":"U Lorenzo-Seva","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lorenzo-Seva U, ten Berge JMF. Tucker\u2019s Congruence Coefficient as a Meaningful Index of Factor Similarity. Methodology. 2006;2:57\u201364.","journal-title":"Methodology"},{"key":"2552_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","volume":"13","author":"HB Mann","year":"1945","unstructured":"Mann HB. Nonparametric Tests against Trend. Econometrica. 1945;13:245\u201359.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2552_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206524","volume":"367","author":"J de Ligt","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Ligt J, Willemsen MH, van Bon BWM, Kleefstra T, Yntema HG, Kroes T, et al. Diagnostic Exome Sequencing in Persons with Severe Intellectual Disability. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1921\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2552_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12300","volume":"56","author":"BB Lahey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lahey BB, Rathouz PJ, Keenan K, Stepp SD, Loeber R, Hipwell AE. Criterion validity of the general factor of psychopathology in a prospective study of girls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2015;56:415\u201322.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip"},{"key":"2552_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613497473","volume":"2","author":"A Caspi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caspi A, Houts RM, Belsky DW, Goldman-Mellor SJ, Harrington H, Israel S, et al. The p Factor: One General Psychopathology Factor in the Structure of Psychiatric Disorders? Clin Psychol Sci. 2014;2:119\u201337.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2552_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettersson E, Lichtenstein P, Larsson H, D\u2019Onofrio BM, Lahey BB, Latvala A. Associations of Resting Heart Rate and Intelligence With General and Specific Psychopathology: A Prospective Population Study of 899,398 Swedish Men. Clin Psychol Sci. 2021;9:524\u201332.","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702620961081"},{"key":"2552_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grotzinger AD, Cheung AK, Patterson MW, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM. Genetic and Environmental Links Between General Factors of Psychopathology and Cognitive Ability in Early Childhood. Clin Psychol Sci. 2019;7:430\u201344.","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618820018"},{"key":"2552_CR46","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC. US: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 1994."},{"key":"2552_CR47","unstructured":"Plomin R, DeFries JC, McClearn GE, McGuffin P. Behavioral genetics. 4th ed. New York: Worth; 2008."},{"key":"2552_CR48","unstructured":"The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/bra.se\/bra-in-english\/home.html."},{"key":"2552_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNeish D. Psychometric properties of sum scores and factor scores differ even when their correlation is 0.98: A response to Widaman and Revelle. Behav Res Methods. 2023;55:4269\u201390.","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-02016-x"},{"key":"2552_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01398-0","volume":"52","author":"D McNeish","year":"2020","unstructured":"McNeish D, Wolf MG. Thinking twice about sum scores. Behav Res Methods. 2020;52:2287\u2013305.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2552_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01849-w","volume":"55","author":"KF Widaman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Widaman KF, Revelle W. Thinking thrice about sum scores, and then some more about measurement and analysis. Behav Res Methods. 2023;55:788\u2013806.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2552_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Widaman KF, Revelle W. Thinking About Sum Scores Yet Again, Maybe the Last Time, We Don\u2019t Know, Oh No A Comment on McNeish (2023). Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2023:0.","DOI":"10.1177\/00131644231205310"},{"key":"2552_CR53","unstructured":"Inc SI. SAS\u00ae 9.4 Statements: Reference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 2013."},{"key":"2552_CR54","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus User\u2019s Guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 2017."},{"key":"2552_CR55","unstructured":"Team RC. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021."},{"key":"2552_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164404272507","volume":"65","author":"CA Bernaards","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernaards CA, Jennrich RI. Gradient Projection Algorithms and Software for Arbitrary Rotation Criteria in Factor Analysis. Educ Psychological Meas. 2005;65:676\u201396.","journal-title":"Educ Psychological Meas"},{"key":"2552_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01354-2","volume":"11","author":"AM Gard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gard AM, Ware EB, Hyde LW, Schmitz LL, Faul J, Mitchell C. Phenotypic and genetic markers of psychopathology in a population-based sample of older adults. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:239.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen C, Lu Y, Lundstrom S, Larsson H, Lichtenstein P, Pettersson E. Associations between psychiatric polygenic risk scores and general and specific psychopathology symptoms in childhood and adolescence between and within dizygotic twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022;63:1513\u201322.","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13605"},{"key":"2552_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0204-9","volume":"8","author":"HJ Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones HJ, Heron J, Hammerton G, Stochl J, Jones PB, Cannon M, et al. Investigating the genetic architecture of general and specific psychopathology in adolescence. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:145.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05684-z","volume":"614","author":"DJ Weiner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weiner DJ, Nadig A, Jagadeesh KA, Dey KK, Neale BM, Robinson EB, et al. Polygenic architecture of rare coding variation across 394,783 exomes. Nature. 2023;614:492\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2552_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2022.05.011","volume":"109","author":"R Kingdom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kingdom R, Tuke M, Wood A, Beaumont RN, Frayling TM, Weedon MN, et al. Rare genetic variants in genes and loci linked to dominant monogenic developmental disorders cause milder related phenotypes in the general population. Am J Hum Genet. 2022;109:1308\u201316.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2552_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.1017","volume":"79","author":"A Alexander-Bloch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alexander-Bloch A, Huguet G, Schultz LM, Huffnagle N, Jacquemont S, Seidlitz J, et al. Copy Number Variant Risk Scores Associated With Cognition, Psychopathology, and Brain Structure in Youths in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79:699\u2013709.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2552_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8","volume":"51","author":"J Grove","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grove J, Ripke S, Als TD, Mattheisen M, Walters RK, Won H, et al. Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nat Genet. 2019;51:431\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2552_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4524","volume":"20","author":"RK C Yuen","year":"2017","unstructured":"C Yuen RK, Merico D, Bookman M, L Howe J, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Patel RV, et al. Whole genome sequencing resource identifies 18 new candidate genes for autism spectrum disorder. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:602\u201311.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2552_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-004-1834-7","volume":"35","author":"DVM Bishop","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bishop DVM. DeFries\u2013Fulker Analysis of Twin Data with Skewed Distributions: Cautions and Recommendations from a Study of Children\u2019s Use of Verb Inflections. Behav Genet. 2005;35:479\u201390.","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"2552_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12829","volume":"137","author":"FA Torvik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Torvik FA, Ystrom E, Gustavson K, Rosenstr\u00f6m TH, Bramness JG, Gillespie N, et al. Diagnostic and genetic overlap of three common mental disorders in structured interviews and health registries. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2018;137:54\u201364.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-024-02552-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-024-02552-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-024-02552-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T23:02:47Z","timestamp":1727996567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-024-02552-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2552"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-024-02552-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 April 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"HL reports receiving grants from Shire Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from and serving as a speaker for Medice, Shire\/Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Evolan Pharma AB, and sponsorship for a conference on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder from Shire\/Takeda Pharmaceuticals and Evolan Pharma AB, all outside the submitted work. HL is editor-in-chief of JCPP Advances. The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}