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To date, accelerated treatment plans according to various continuous (cTBS) and intermittent TBS (iTBS) protocols for depression have been proposed. To investigate which of the TBS protocols provided a favorable risk-benefit balance for individuals with depression, this systematic review and random-effects model network meta-analysis was conducted. The study outcomes included response rate (primary), depression symptom improvement, remission rate, all-cause discontinuation rate, incidence of switch to mania, and incidence of headache\/discomfort at treatment site. In this meta-analysis, a total of 23 randomized controlled trials (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009960, mean age = 41.88 years, with 60.78% females) were included. Approximately 69.57% of the trials included individuals with an exclusive diagnosis of major depressive disorder. The following six TBS protocols (target) were evaluated: cTBS (right-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [R-DLPFC]), cTBS (R-DLPFC) + iTBS (left-DLPFC [L-DLPFC]), iTBS (L-DLPFC), iTBS (L-DLPFC) + iTBS (R-DLPFC), iTBS (left-dorsomedial prefrontal cortex) + iTBS (right-dorsomedial prefrontal cortex), and iTBS (occipital lobe). Compared to sham, cTBS (R-DLPFC)\u2009+\u2009iTBS (L-DLPFC), iTBS (L-DLPFC), and iTBS (occipital lobe) had a higher response rate (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923); cTBS (R-DLPFC)\u2009+\u2009iTBS (L-DLPFC) and iTBS (L-DLPFC) dominated in the depression symptom improvement (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923); and iTBS (L-DLPFC) had a higher remission rate (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915). No significant differences were found for all-cause discontinuation rate (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917), incidence of switch to mania (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097), and incidence of headache\/discomfort at treatment site (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910) between any TBS protocols and sham. Thus, cTBS (R-DLPFC)\u2009+\u2009iTBS (L-DLPFC) and iTBS (L-DLPFC) demonstrate favorable risk-benefit balance for the treatment of depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02630-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T15:02:12Z","timestamp":1717686132000},"page":"3893-3899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Theta burst stimulation for depression: a systematic review and network and pairwise meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9237-2236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taro","family":"Kishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshikazu","family":"Ikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Sakuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Hatano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3539-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Wilkening","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7368-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Goya-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6571-4413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Tik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nolan R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Kito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3189-6076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nakao","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2630_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716660033","volume":"61","author":"RV Milev","year":"2016","unstructured":"Milev RV, Giacobbe P, Kennedy SH, Blumberger DM, Daskalakis ZJ, Downar J, et al. 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They also declare any potential competing interests that have arisen in the last 3 years. Dr. Kishi has received speaker\u2019s honoraria from Eisai, Janssen, Meiji, Otsuka, Sumitomo, Takeda, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Kyowa, Yoshitomi, and Viatris and research grants from Eisai, JSPS KAKENHI (19K08082 and 23K06998), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP22dk0307107, JP22wm0525024, JP23dk0307122, and 24dk0307129), and the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (21GC1018). Dr. Ikuta has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sakuma has received speaker\u2019s honoraria from daiichisankyo, Eisai, Janssen, Kyowa, Meiji, Otsuka, Sumitomo, and Takeda and has received a Fujita Health University School of Medicine Research Grant for Early-Career Scientists, Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B)(19K17099), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)(23K06998), and Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP22dk0307107 and JP23dk0307122). Dr. Hatano received the speaker\u2019s honoraria from Meiji and Sumitomo, and has received Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists (23K14827). Dr. Matsuda has received the speaker\u2019s honoraria from Janssen, Lundbeck, Sumitomo, Otsuka, Takeda, Teijin, and Viatris, and a research grant from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (24dk0307126). Mr. Wilkening was supported by the G\u00f6ttingen Promotionskolleg f\u00fcr Medizinstudierende, funded by the Jacob-Henle-Programm\/Else-Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung. Dr. Goya-Maldonado declares no conflict of interest. His work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01 ZX 1507, \u201cPreNeSt - e:Med\u201d). Dr. Tik has nothing to disclose. Dr. Williams is a named inventor on Stanford-owned intellectual property relating to accelerated TMS pulse pattern sequences and neuroimaging-based TMS targeting; he has served on scientific advisory boards for Otsuka, NeuraWell, Nooma, and Halo Neuroscience; and he has equity\/stock options in Magnus Medical, NeuraWell, and Nooma. Dr. Kito received speaker honoraria from Inter Reha, Lundbeck, Sumitomo, Otsuka, Takeda, Teijin, and Viatris, consultant fees from Teijin, and research grants from Teijin. Dr. Iwata has received speaker\u2019s honoraria from Eisai, Janssen, Meiji, Otsuka, Sumitomo, Takeda, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, and Viatris and research grants from Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Meiji, Otsuka, Sumitomo, Takeda, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)(22H03003), and Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP22wm0425008).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}