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A previous reconsolidation intervention for spider fear abruptly reduced avoidance behaviour, whereas changes in self-reported fear followed later. In this pre-registered placebo-controlled study, we first aimed to conceptually replicate these effects in spider phobia. Second, we investigated whether re-encountering the phobic cue after the reconsolidation intervention is necessary for changes in self-reported fear to occur. Third, we tested whether the window to trigger such changes is time limited. Individuals with spider phobia (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200969) were randomized into three groups and underwent a memory reactivation procedure with a tarantula, followed immediately by propranolol (reconsolidation intervention) or placebo. One reconsolidation intervention group and the placebo group re-encountered spiders two days after treatment in behavioural approach tasks, whereas another reconsolidation intervention group re-encountered spiders after four weeks. Changes in spider avoidance behaviour and self-reported fear were followed for one year. In the short term, the reconsolidation intervention was not more effective than placebo: both conditions benefited from the intervention. In the long term, the reconsolidation intervention was more effective than placebo, but only when the phobic stimulus was re-encountered within days after treatment. Specifically, we found less tarantula avoidance behaviour and self-reported fear over the course of one year when spiders were re-encountered two days after the reconsolidation intervention, but not when the behavioural test was conducted four weeks after the intervention. These findings challenge the idea that a reconsolidation-inspired intervention alone is sufficient to treat clinical fears: Experiencing the behavioural change during the re-encounter within days after the reconsolidation window has closed seems crucial to observe a lasting fear reduction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02882-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T08:55:12Z","timestamp":1736412912000},"page":"2729-2738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Re-encountering the phobic cue within days after a reconsolidation intervention is crucial to observe a lasting fear reduction in spider phobia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1463-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5280-9176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna I.","family":"Filmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0270-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny B.","family":"van Doorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian N.","family":"Metselaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0376-8165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9e M.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7989-3195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merel","family":"Kindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2882_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.04.006","volume":"58","author":"MG Craske","year":"2014","unstructured":"Craske MG, Treanor M, Conway CC, Zbozinek T, Vervliet B. 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The other authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}