{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T03:30:50Z","timestamp":1767151850689,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Epigenetic responses to cannabis use could link cannabis use to health problems. We examined the DNA-methylation profiles of long-term cannabis users in midlife, re-evaluating a set of 246 cannabis-associated methylation markers that were previously identified in other studies. Data were from the Dunedin Study, a five-decade longitudinal study of a birth cohort (analytic\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009787). Peripheral whole blood was drawn when the cohort was age 45, and DNA methylation was assayed using the EPIC 850\u2009K BeadChip. Analyses compared long-term cannabis users with non-users and, for a benchmark comparison, long-term tobacco users. Results showed that long-term cannabis use was associated with sixteen of the previously published 246 cannabis-related methylation markers. Methylation markers that were associated with long-term cannabis use were also associated with long-term tobacco use. However, after adjusting for long-term tobacco use and other covariates, long-term cannabis use was robustly associated with hypomethylation of nine markers: cg05575921, cg21566642, cg03636183, cg21161138, cg01940273, cg17739917, cg05086879, cg02978227, cg23079012. Cannabis-related hypomethylation was associated with higher gene expression in the Dunedin Cohort, suggesting meaningful biological associations. A comparison of long-term cannabis users with cannabis quitters revealed that quitters showed less extreme DNA hypomethylation. Long-term cannabis use could affect the epigenome similarly to tobacco use, possibly at least partly though smoke inhalation. Cannabis cessation, like tobacco cessation, may reverse altered DNA methylation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03042-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T08:10:27Z","timestamp":1751011827000},"page":"4576-4590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DNA methylation profiles of long-term cannabis users in midlife: a comprehensive evaluation of published cannabis-associated methylation markers in a representative cohort"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2414-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeline H.","family":"Meier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Sugden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terrie E.","family":"Moffitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin S.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-2309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle J.","family":"Bourassa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Houts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandhya","family":"Ramrakha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reremoana","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0082-4600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avshalom","family":"Caspi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3042_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.02.003","volume":"33","author":"E Campeny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campeny E, L\u00f3pez-Pelayo H, Nutt D, Blithikioti C, Oliveras C, Nu\u00f1o L, et al. 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