{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T03:41:16Z","timestamp":1793072476301,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03215-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T14:44:31Z","timestamp":1757083471000},"page":"296-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Estrogen receptor beta in lateral habenula mediates antidepressant effects of estrogen in postpartum-hormone-withdrawal-induced depression"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenchi","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangshuang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songxia","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuexuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0425-5057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8289-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4344-8019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3215_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.7.805","volume":"65","author":"O Vesga-Lopez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vesga-Lopez O, Blanco C, Keyes K, Olfson M, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65:805\u201315.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"3215_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.05.003","volume":"219","author":"CA Woody","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woody CA, Ferrari AJ, Siskind DJ, Whiteford HA, Harris MG. A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression. J Affect Disord. 2017;219:86\u201392.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3215_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-005-0080-1","volume":"8","author":"V Lindahl","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lindahl V, Pearson JL, Colpe L. Prevalence of suicidality during pregnancy and the postpartum. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2005;8:77\u201387.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"3215_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.11.009","volume":"40","author":"JL Pawluski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pawluski JL, Lonstein JS, Fleming AS. The neurobiology of postpartum anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 2017;40:106\u201320.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"3215_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00705.x","volume":"6","author":"CE Schiller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schiller CE, Johnson SL, Abate AC, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR. Reproductive steroid regulation of mood and behavior. Compr Physiol. 2016;6:1135\u201360.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"3215_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.924","volume":"157","author":"M Bloch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau M, Murphy J, Nieman L, Rubinow DR. Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:924\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3215_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(01)00170-X","volume":"122","author":"LA Galea","year":"2001","unstructured":"Galea LA, Wide JK, Barr AM. Estradiol alleviates depressive-like symptoms in a novel animal model of post-partum depression. Behav Brain Res. 2001;122:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"3215_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.08.033","volume":"83","author":"EC Stoffel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stoffel EC, Craft RM. Ovarian hormone withdrawal-induced \u201cdepression\u201d in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2004;83:505\u201313.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"3215_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.01.013","volume":"66","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Hong J, Zhang S, Zhang T, Sha S, Yang R, et al. Postpartum estrogen withdrawal impairs hippocampal neurogenesis and causes depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;66:138\u201349.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3215_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.10.011","volume":"99","author":"BM Navarre","year":"2010","unstructured":"Navarre BM, Laggart JD, Craft RM. Anhedonia in postpartum rats. Physiol Behav. 2010;99:59\u201366.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"3215_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.05.010","volume":"27","author":"R Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang R, Zhang B, Chen T, Zhang S, Chen L. Postpartum estrogen withdrawal impairs GABAergic inhibition and LTD induction in basolateral amygdala complex via down-regulation of GPR30. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:759\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3215_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.11.016","volume":"89","author":"VL Hedges","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hedges VL, Heaton EC, Amaral C, Benedetto LE, Bodie CL, D\u2019Antonio BI, et al. Estrogen withdrawal increases postpartum anxiety via oxytocin plasticity in the paraventricular hypothalamus and dorsal raphe nucleus. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;89:929\u201338.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3215_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2023.105312","volume":"149","author":"WB Foster","year":"2023","unstructured":"Foster WB, Beach KF, Carson PF, Harris KC, Alonso BL, Costa LT, et al. Estradiol withdrawal following a hormone simulated pregnancy induces deficits in affective behaviors and increases \u2206FosB in D1 and D2 neurons in the nucleus accumbens core in mice. Horm Behav. 2023;149:105312.","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"3215_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.12.001","volume":"52","author":"JL Payne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Payne JL, Maguire J. Pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in postpartum depression. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2019;52:165\u201380.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"3215_CR15","volume":"2008","author":"CL Dennis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dennis CL, Ross LE, Herxheimer A. Oestrogens and progestins for preventing and treating postpartum depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;2008:CD001690.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"3215_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00063-1","volume":"38","author":"DA Sichel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sichel DA, Cohen LS, Robertson LM, Ruttenberg A, Rosenbaum JF. Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:814\u20138.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3215_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91414-2","volume":"347","author":"AJ Gregoire","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gregoire AJ, Kumar R, Everitt B, Henderson AF, Studd JW. Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression. Lancet. 1996;347:930\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3215_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n0504","volume":"62","author":"A Ahokas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahokas A, Kaukoranta J, Wahlbeck K, Aito M. Estrogen deficiency in severe postpartum depression: successful treatment with sublingual physiologic 17beta-estradiol: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:332\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3215_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101253440407","volume":"344","author":"M Clemons","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clemons M, Goss P. Estrogen and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:276\u201385.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3215_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-019-0358-9","volume":"10","author":"AC Rodriguez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodriguez AC, Blanchard Z, Maurer KA, Gertz J. Estrogen signaling in endometrial cancer: a key oncogenic pathway with several open questions. Horm Cancer. 2019;10:51\u201363.","journal-title":"Horm Cancer"},{"key":"3215_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200410000-00014","volume":"15","author":"W Zhu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhu W, Everson WV, Smart EJ. Estrogen in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2004;15:589\u201393.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"3215_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2018.06.014","volume":"168","author":"D Rovinski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rovinski D, Ramos RB, Fighera TM, Casanova GK, Spritzer PM. Risk of venous thromboembolism events in postmenopausal women using oral versus non-oral hormone therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res. 2018;168:83\u201395.","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"3215_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-06-01951.1988","volume":"8","author":"S Caldecott-Hazard","year":"1988","unstructured":"Caldecott-Hazard S, Mazziotta J, Phelps M. Cerebral correlates of depressed behavior in rats, visualized using 14C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography. J Neurosci. 1988;8:1951\u201361.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3215_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00029","volume":"8","author":"MM Mirrione","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mirrione MM, Schulz D, Lapidus KA, Zhang S, Goodman W, Henn FA. Increased metabolic activity in the septum and habenula during stress is linked to subsequent expression of learned helplessness behavior. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:29.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"3215_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09742","volume":"470","author":"B Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li B, Piriz J, Mirrione M, Chung C, Proulx CD, Schulz D, et al. Synaptic potentiation onto habenula neurons in the learned helplessness model of depression. Nature. 2011;470:535\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3215_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240729","volume":"341","author":"K Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li K, Zhou T, Liao L, Yang Z, Wong C, Henn F, et al. betaCaMKII in lateral habenula mediates core symptoms of depression. Science. 2013;341:1016\u201320.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3215_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4037","volume":"22","author":"S Lecca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lecca S, Pelosi A, Tchenio A, Moutkine I, Lujan R, Herve D, et al. Rescue of GABAB and GIRK function in the lateral habenula by protein phosphatase 2A inhibition ameliorates depression-like phenotypes in mice. Nat Med. 2016;22:254\u201361.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3215_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.10.024","volume":"48","author":"Y Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Y, Wang H, Hu J, Hu H. Lateral habenula in the pathophysiology of depression. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2018;48:90\u201396.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"3215_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25752","volume":"554","author":"Y Cui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cui Y, Yang Y, Ni Z, Dong Y, Cai G, Foncelle A, et al. Astroglial Kir4.1 in the lateral habenula drives neuronal bursts in depression. Nature. 2018;554:323\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3215_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0292-4","volume":"21","author":"H Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu H, Cui Y, Yang Y. Circuits and functions of the lateral habenula in health and in disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020;21:277\u201395.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"3215_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.09.005","volume":"104","author":"I Cerniauskas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cerniauskas I, Winterer J, de Jong JW, Lukacsovich D, Yang H, Khan F, et al. Chronic stress induces activity, synaptic, and transcriptional remodeling of the lateral habenula associated with deficits in motivated behaviors. Neuron. 2019;104:899\u2013915 e8.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3215_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25509","volume":"554","author":"Y Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Y, Cui Y, Sang K, Dong Y, Ni Z, Ma S, et al. Ketamine blocks bursting in the lateral habenula to rapidly relieve depression. Nature. 2018;554:317\u201322.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3215_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2018.00039","volume":"10","author":"RD Shepard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shepard RD, Langlois LD, Browne CA, Berenji A, Lucki I, Nugent FS. Ketamine reverses lateral habenula neuronal dysfunction and behavioral immobility in the forced swim test following maternal deprivation in late adolescent rats. Front Synaptic Neurosci. 2018;10:39.","journal-title":"Front Synaptic Neurosci"},{"key":"3215_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.033","volume":"186","author":"Z Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan Z, Chang J, Liang Y, Zhu H, Zhang C, Zheng D, et al. Neural mechanism underlying depressive-like state associated with social status loss. Cell. 2023;186:560\u201376 e17.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3215_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.037","volume":"102","author":"L Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang L, Xi Y, Peng Y, Yang Y, Huang X, Fu Y, et al. A visual circuit related to habenula underlies the antidepressive effects of light therapy. Neuron. 2019;102:128\u201342 e8.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3215_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp3897","volume":"385","author":"S Mondoloni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mondoloni S, Molina P, Lecca S, Wu CH, Michel L, Osypenko D, et al. Serotonin release in the habenula during emotional contagion promotes resilience. Science. 2024;385:1081\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3215_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06624-1","volume":"622","author":"S Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma S, Chen M, Jiang Y, Xiang X, Wang S, Wu Z, et al. Sustained antidepressant effect of ketamine through NMDAR trapping in the LHb. Nature. 2023;622:802\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3215_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ado7010","volume":"385","author":"M Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen M, Ma S, Liu H, Dong Y, Tang J, Ni Z, et al. Brain region-specific action of ketamine as a rapid antidepressant. Science. 2024;385:eado7010.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3215_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)82036-5","volume":"258","author":"S Sasson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sasson S, Notides AC. Estriol and estrone interaction with the estrogen receptor. II. Estriol and estrone-induced inhibition of the cooperative binding of [3H]estradiol to the estrogen receptor. J Biol Chem. 1983;258:8118\u201322.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"3215_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3942","volume":"12","author":"CY Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li CY, Song MY, Huang M, Li JC, Xiao JY, Zhao H. Estradiol suppresses neuronal firing activity and c-Fos expression in the lateral habenula. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12:4410\u20134.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"3215_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12629","volume":"30","author":"MY Song","year":"2018","unstructured":"Song MY, Li CY, Liu XF, Xiao JY, Zhao H. Effect of 17beta-oestradiol on T-type calcium channels in the lateral habenula. J Neuroendocrinol. 2018;30:e12629.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"3215_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13121","author":"CL Lu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu CL, Herndon C. New roles for neuronal estrogen receptors. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.13121.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"3215_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980316)392:3<330::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"392","author":"CK Wagner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wagner CK, Silverman AJ, Morrell JI. Evidence for estrogen receptor in cell nuclei and axon terminals within the lateral habenula of the rat: regulation during pregnancy. J Comp Neurol. 1998;392:330\u201342.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"3215_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000052","volume":"25","author":"F Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang F, Tao J, Xu L, Zhao N, Chen J, Chen W, et al. Estradiol decreases rat depressive behavior by estrogen receptor beta but not alpha: no correlation with plasma corticosterone. Neuroreport. 2014;25:100\u20134.","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"3215_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115094","volume":"470","author":"M Poitras","year":"2024","unstructured":"Poitras M, Doiron A, Plamondon H. Selective estrogen receptor activation prior to global cerebral ischemia in female rats impacts microglial activation and anxiety-like behaviors without effects on CA1 neuronal injury. Behav Brain Res. 2024;470:115094.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"3215_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300713","volume":"30","author":"AA Walf","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walf AA, Frye CA. ERbeta-selective estrogen receptor modulators produce antianxiety behavior when administered systemically to ovariectomized rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30:1598\u2013609.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3215_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.251571","volume":"14","author":"ZW Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han ZW, Chang YC, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Chen L, Zhang Y, et al. GPER agonist G1 suppresses neuronal apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress after cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res. 2019;14:1221\u20139.","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"3215_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.12.018","volume":"130","author":"X Song","year":"2012","unstructured":"Song X, Pan ZZ. Estrogen receptor-beta agonist diarylpropionitrile counteracts the estrogenic activity of estrogen receptor-alpha agonist propylpyrazole-triol in the mammary gland of ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2012;130:26\u201335.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"3215_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5","volume":"7","author":"P Bankhead","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bankhead P, Loughrey MB, Fernandez JA, Dombrowski Y, McArt DG, Dunne PD, et al. QuPath: open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7:16878.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3215_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(88)90005-4","volume":"13","author":"JS Rosenblatt","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rosenblatt JS, Mayer AD, Giordano AL. Hormonal basis during pregnancy for the onset of maternal behavior in the rat. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1988;13:29\u201346.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3215_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2009.03.007","volume":"30","author":"JL Pawluski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pawluski JL, Brummelte S, Barha CK, Crozier TM, Galea LA. Effects of steroid hormones on neurogenesis in the hippocampus of the adult female rodent during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, lactation and aging. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30:343\u201357.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"3215_CR52","first-page":"551","volume":"72","author":"MF Tarttelin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Tarttelin MF, Gorski RA. The effects of ovarian steroids on food and water intake and body weight in the female rat. Acta Endocrinol. 1973;72:551\u201368.","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol"},{"key":"3215_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.06.010","volume":"99","author":"PC Butera","year":"2010","unstructured":"Butera PC. Estradiol and the control of food intake. Physiol Behav. 2010;99:175\u201380.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"3215_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.10.047","volume":"172","author":"T Weiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weiss T, Veh RW. Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of neurons within identified subnuclei of the lateral habenula in rat brain slices. Neuroscience. 2011;172:74\u201393.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"3215_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-3-6","volume":"3","author":"KM Dhandapani","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dhandapani KM, Brann DW. Estrogen-astrocyte interactions: implications for neuroprotection. BMC Neurosci. 2002;3:6.","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"3215_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0115-20.2020","volume":"40","author":"Y Lu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu Y, Sareddy GR, Wang J, Zhang Q, Tang FL, Pratap UP, et al. Neuron-derived estrogen is critical for astrocyte activation and neuroprotection of the ischemic brain. J Neurosci. 2020;40:7355\u201374.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"3215_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.04.006","volume":"1864","author":"JY Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee JY, Choi HY, Ju BG, Yune TY. Estrogen alleviates neuropathic pain induced after spinal cord injury by inhibiting microglia and astrocyte activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2018;1864:2472\u201380.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"3215_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.085753","volume":"565","author":"MJ Byers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Byers MJ, Zangl A, Phernetton TM, Lopez G, Chen DB, Magness RR. Endothelial vasodilator production by ovine uterine and systemic arteries: ovarian steroid and pregnancy control of ERalpha and ERbeta levels. J Physiol. 2005;565:85\u201399.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"3215_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2004.03.023","volume":"78","author":"AA Walf","year":"2004","unstructured":"Walf AA, Rhodes ME, Frye CA. Antidepressant effects of ERbeta-selective estrogen receptor modulators in the forced swim test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004;78:523\u20139.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"3215_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.03.004","volume":"54","author":"ZA Hughes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hughes ZA, Liu F, Platt BJ, Dwyer JM, Pulicicchio CM, Zhang G, et al. WAY-200070, a selective agonist of estrogen receptor beta as a potential novel anxiolytic\/antidepressant agent. Neuropharmacology. 2008;54:1136\u201342.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"3215_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2078-1","volume":"179","author":"BA Rocha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rocha BA, Fleischer R, Schaeffer JM, Rohrer SP, Hickey GJ. 17 Beta-estradiol-induced antidepressant-like effect in the forced swim test is absent in estrogen receptor-beta knockout (BERKO) mice. Psychopharmacology. 2005;179:637\u201343.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3215_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000437268","volume":"103","author":"S Benmansour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benmansour S, Adeniji OS, Privratsky AA, Frazer A. Effects of long-term treatment with estradiol and estrogen receptor subtype agonists on serotonergic function in ovariectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103:269\u201381.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3215_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2136","volume":"154","author":"M Furuta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furuta M, Numakawa T, Chiba S, Ninomiya M, Kajiyama Y, Adachi N, et al. Estrogen, predominantly via estrogen receptor alpha, attenuates postpartum-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in female rats. Endocrinology. 2013;154:3807\u201316.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"3215_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1517\/13543771003657164","volume":"20","author":"ML Mohler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mohler ML, Narayanan R, Coss CC, Hu K, He Y, Wu Z, et al. Estrogen receptor beta selective nonsteroidal estrogens: seeking clinical indications. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2010;20:507\u201334.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Pat"},{"key":"3215_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11207","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0017","volume":"66","author":"J Hartman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hartman J, Lindberg K, Morani A, Inzunza J, Strom A, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor beta inhibits angiogenesis and growth of T47D breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Res. 2006;66:11207\u201313.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"3215_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1807","volume":"207","author":"NA Wong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wong NA, Malcomson RD, Jodrell DI, Groome NP, Harrison DJ, Saunders PT. ERbeta isoform expression in colorectal carcinoma: an in vivo and in vitro study of clinicopathological and molecular correlates. J Pathol. 2005;207:53\u201360.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"3215_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.07.004","volume":"63","author":"JA Clark","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clark JA, Alves S, Gundlah C, Rocha B, Birzin ET, Cai SJ, et al. Selective estrogen receptor-beta (SERM-beta) compounds modulate raphe nuclei tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH-1) mRNA expression and cause antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test. Neuropharmacology. 2012;63:1051\u201363.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"3215_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1408878","volume":"15","author":"JJ Herrera-Perez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Herrera-Perez JJ, Hernandez-Hernandez OT, Flores-Ramos M, Cueto-Escobedo J, Rodriguez-Landa JF, Martinez-Mota L. The intersection between menopause and depression: overview of research using animal models. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1408878.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3215_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01397-2","volume":"26","author":"C Tao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao C, Zhang GW, Huang JJ, Li Z, Tao HW, Zhang LI. The medial preoptic area mediates depressive-like behaviors induced by ovarian hormone withdrawal through distinct GABAergic projections. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26:1529\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3215_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.019","volume":"59","author":"J Maguire","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maguire J, Mody I. GABA(A)R plasticity during pregnancy: relevance to postpartum depression. Neuron. 2008;59:207\u201313.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"3215_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.12.021","volume":"343","author":"J Baka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baka J, Csakvari E, Huzian O, Dobos N, Siklos L, Leranth C, et al. Stress induces equivalent remodeling of hippocampal spine synapses in a simulated postpartum environment and in a female rat model of major depression. Neuroscience. 2017;343:384\u201397.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03215-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03215-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03215-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:03:44Z","timestamp":1765541024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03215-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["3215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-025-03215-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}