{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T02:00:57Z","timestamp":1793412057559,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03372-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T08:41:57Z","timestamp":1763887317000},"page":"2162-2177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Meningeal macrophages alleviate social memory defects in an early Alzheimer\u2019s disease model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8224-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shixin","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sijia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingting","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7352-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengyu","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8173-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-9102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3372_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153331752210828","DOI":"10.1177\/15333175221082834","volume":"37","author":"S Chaudhary","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chaudhary S, Zhornitsky S, Chao HH, van Dyck CH, Li CR. Emotion processing dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an overview of behavioral findings, systems neural correlates, and underlying neural biology. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2022;37:15333175221082834.","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"3372_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.05.2410","volume":"7","author":"CG Lyketsos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lyketsos CG, Carrillo MC, Ryan JM, Khachaturian AS, Trzepacz P, Amatniek J, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:532\u20139.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"3372_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pyu116","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu116","volume":"18","author":"H Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang H, Wang L, Cao M, Marshall C, Gao J, Xiao N, et al. Isolation housing exacerbates Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathophysiology in aged APP\/PS1 mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;18:pyu116.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3372_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112366","volume":"379","author":"JL Peterman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peterman JL, White JD, Calcagno A, Hagen C, Quiring M, Paulhus K, et al. Prolonged isolation stress accelerates the onset of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related pathology in 5xFAD mice despite running wheels and environmental enrichment. Behav Brain Res. 2020;379:112366.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"3372_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2204090","volume":"22","author":"P Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen P, Guo Z, Zhou B. Disease-associated oligodendrocyte: new player in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and CNS pathologies. J Integr Neurosci. 2023;22:90.","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"3372_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41684-022-01090-0","volume":"52","author":"YL Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang YL, Feng WX, Wang Z, Pang YT, Jin YX, Chen SJ, et al. Early growth response 2 in the mPFC regulates mouse social and cooperative behaviors. Lab Animal. 2023;52:37\u201350.","journal-title":"Lab Animal"},{"key":"3372_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.038","volume":"156","author":"RD Fields","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fields RD. Myelin formation and remodeling. Cell. 2014;156:15\u20137.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"3372_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac061","volume":"25","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, Zhang YL, Feng WX, Pang YT, Chen SJ, Ding SX, et al. Miconazole promotes cooperative ability of a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;25:951\u201367.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3372_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0372-9","volume":"22","author":"PS Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang PS, Kishimoto Y, Grammatikakis I, Gottimukkala K, Cutler RG, Zhang SL, et al. Senolytic therapy alleviates A beta-associated oligodendrocyte progenitor cell senescence and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:719.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3372_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06120-6","volume":"618","author":"C Depp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Depp C, Sun T, Sasmita AO, Spieth L, Berghoff SA, Nazarenko T, et al. Myelin dysfunction drives amyloid-beta deposition in models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature. 2023;618:349\u2013357.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3372_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3263","volume":"15","author":"J Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu J, Dietz K, DeLoyht JM, Pedre X, Kelkar D, Kaur J, et al. Impaired adult myelination in the prefrontal cortex of socially isolated mice. Nat Neurosci. 2012;15:1621\u20133.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"3372_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1220845","volume":"337","author":"M Makinodan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Makinodan M, Rosen KM, Ito S, Corfas G. A critical period for social experience-dependent oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Science. 2012;337:1357\u201360.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3372_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03489-0","volume":"593","author":"S Da Mesquita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Da Mesquita S, Papadopoulos Z, Dykstra T, Brase L, Farias FG, Wall M, et al. Meningeal lymphatics affect microglia responses and anti-A\u03b2 immunotherapy. Nature. 2021;593:255\u201360.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3372_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.04.005","volume":"103","author":"Q Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Q, Chen Y, Feng WX, Cai JC, Gao JY, Ge FF, et al. Drainage of senescent astrocytes from brain via meningeal lymphatic routes. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;103:85\u201396.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3372_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2638","volume":"353","author":"J Kipnis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kipnis J. Multifaceted interactions between adaptive immunity and the central nervous system. Science. 2016;353:766\u201371.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3372_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18626","volume":"535","author":"AJ Filiano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Filiano AJ, Xu Y, Tustison NJ, Marsh RL, Baker W, Smirnov I, et al. Unexpected role of interferon-gamma in regulating neuronal connectivity and social behaviour. Nature. 2016;535:425\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3372_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0776-4","volume":"21","author":"K Alves de Lima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alves de Lima K, Rustenhoven J, Da Mesquita S, Wall M, Salvador AF, Smirnov I, et al. Meningeal \u03b3\u03b4 T cells regulate anxiety-like behavior via IL-17a signaling in neurons. Nat Immunol. 2020;21:1421\u201329.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"3372_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05397-3","volume":"611","author":"A Drieu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Drieu A, Du S, Storck SE, Rustenhoven J, Papadopoulos Z, Dykstra T, et al. Parenchymal border macrophages regulate the flow dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature. 2022;611:585\u201393.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3372_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00814-0","volume":"23","author":"Y Bordon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bordon Y. Macrophages bordering the brain parenchyma regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023;23:3\u20133.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"3372_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabf7844","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf7844","volume":"373","author":"A Cugurra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cugurra A, Mamuladze T, Rustenhoven J, Dykstra T, Beroshvili G, Greenberg ZJ, et al. Skull and vertebral bone marrow are myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma. Science. 2021;373:eabf7844.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3372_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/laban0108-26","volume":"37","author":"CD Steel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steel CD, Stephens AL, Hahto SM, Singletary SJ, Ciavarra RR. Comparison of the lateral tail vein and the retro-orbital venous sinus as routes of intravenous drug delivery in a transgenic mouse model. Lab Animal. 2008;37:26\u201332.","journal-title":"Lab Animal"},{"key":"3372_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.89","volume":"4","author":"A Holtmaat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holtmaat A, Bonhoeffer T, Chow DK, Chuckowree J, De Paola V, Hofer SB, et al. Long-term, high-resolution imaging in the mouse neocortex through a chronic cranial window. Nat Protoc. 2009;4:1128\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"3372_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.01.029","volume":"362","author":"F Kosel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kosel F, Torres Munoz P, Yang JR, Wong AA, Franklin TB. Age-related changes in social behaviours in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Behav Brain Res. 2019;362:160\u201372.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"3372_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2017.12.013","volume":"137","author":"L Gu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gu L, Wu D, Tang X, Qi X, Li X, Bai F, et al. Myelin changes at the early stage of 5XFAD mice. Brain Res Bull. 2018;137:285\u201393.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"3372_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.08.031","volume":"126","author":"K Baranger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baranger K, Giannoni P, Girard SD, Girot S, Gaven F, Stephan D, et al. Chronic treatments with a 5-HT(4) receptor agonist decrease amyloid pathology in the entorhinal cortex and learning and memory deficits in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neuropharmacology. 2017;126:128\u201341.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"3372_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabe9274","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe9274","volume":"7","author":"YY Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia YY, He F, Wu XY, Tan B, Chen SY, Liao YX, et al. GABA transporter sustains IL-1 beta production in macrophages. Sci Adv. 2021;7:eabe9274.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"3372_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1658-2","volume":"16","author":"H Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeng H, Liu N, Yang YY, Xing HY, Liu XX, Li F, et al. Lentivirus-mediated downregulation of alpha-synuclein reduces neuroinflammation and promotes functional recovery in rats with spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16:283.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3372_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-151090","volume":"52","author":"D Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu D, Yang N, Liu YY, Zheng J, Ji C, Zuo PP. M2 macrophage transplantation ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in amyloid-beta-treated rats through regulation of microglial polarization. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;52:483\u201395.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"3372_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","volume":"233","author":"A Shapouri-Moghaddam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Mohammadian S, Vazini H, Taghadosi M, Esmaeili SA, Mardani F, et al. Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233:6425\u201340.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"3372_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.12.010","volume":"101","author":"M Lodyga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lodyga M, Hinz B. TGF-beta1 - A truly transforming growth factor in fibrosis and immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2020;101:123\u201339.","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"3372_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/39321","volume":"389","author":"T Wyss-Coray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wyss-Coray T, Masliah E, Mallory M, McConlogue L, Johnson-Wood K, Lin C, et al. Amyloidogenic role of cytokine TGF-beta1 in transgenic mice and in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature. 1997;389:603\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3372_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/87945","volume":"7","author":"T Wyss-Coray","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wyss-Coray T, Lin C, Yan F, Yu GQ, Rohde M, McConlogue L, et al. TGF-beta1 promotes microglial amyloid-beta clearance and reduces plaque burden in transgenic mice. Nat Med. 2001;7:612\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3372_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05534-y","volume":"613","author":"NB McNamara","year":"2023","unstructured":"McNamara NB, Munro DAD, Bestard-Cuche N, Uyeda A, Bogie JFJ, Hoffmann A, et al. Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity. Nature. 2023;613:120\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3372_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.015","volume":"44","author":"TA Wynn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wynn TA, Vannella KM. Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. Immunity. 2016;44:450\u201362.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"3372_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.03.041","volume":"435","author":"R De Simone","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Simone R, Butera A, Armida M, Pezzola A, Boirivant M, Potenza RL, et al. Beneficial effects of fingolimod on social interaction, CNS and peripheral immune response in the BTBR mouse model of autism. Neuroscience. 2020;435:22\u201332.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"3372_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.02.012","volume":"112","author":"F Kosel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kosel F, Pelley JMS, Franklin TB. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related pathology. Neurosci Biobehav R. 2020;112:634\u201347.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav R"},{"key":"3372_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24578","volume":"99","author":"F Kosel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kosel F, Hamilton JS, Harrison SL, Godin V, Franklin TB. Reduced social investigation and increased injurious behavior in transgenic 5xFAD mice. J Neurosci Res. 2021;99:209\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"3372_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.69","volume":"36","author":"YH Hsiao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hsiao YH, Chen PS, Chen SH, Gean PW. The involvement of Cdk5 activator p35 in social isolation-triggered onset of early Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related cognitive deficit in the transgenic mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36:1848\u201358.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3372_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02201-0","volume":"28","author":"M Sato","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sato M, Nakai N, Fujima S, Choe KY, Takumi T. Social circuits and their dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:3194\u20133206.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3372_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04533-6","volume":"79","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Pang Y, Feng W, Jin Y, Chen S, Ding S, et al. miR-124 regulates early isolation-induced social abnormalities via inhibiting myelinogenesis in the medial prefrontal cortex. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2022;79:507.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"3372_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabb8680","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb8680","volume":"6","author":"XW Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang XW, Wang RH, Hu D, Sun XY, Fujioka H, Lundberg K, et al. Oligodendroglial glycolytic stress triggers inflammasome activation and neuropathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci Adv. 2020;6:eabb8680.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"3372_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2463-7","volume":"74","author":"L Zuroff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zuroff L, Daley D, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Clearance of cerebral Abeta in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: reassessing the role of microglia and monocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74:2167\u20132201.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"3372_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112489","volume":"42","author":"L Qi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi L, Li X, Zhang F, Zhu X, Zhao Q, Yang D, et al. VEGFR-3 signaling restrains the neuron-macrophage crosstalk during neurotropic viral infection. Cell Rep. 2023;42:112489.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"3372_CR44","first-page":"369","volume":"26","author":"CA O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien CA, Bennett FC. Perivascular signals drive microglial appetite. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26:369\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3372_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01398-6","volume":"24","author":"S Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma S, Sun B, Duan S, Han J, Barr T, Zhang J, et al. YTHDF2 orchestrates tumor-associated macrophage reprogramming and controls antitumor immunity through CD8(+) T cells. Nat Immunol. 2023;24:255\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"3372_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4610","volume":"20","author":"B Korin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Korin B, Ben-Shaanan TL, Schiller M, Dubovik T, Azulay-Debby H, Boshnak NT, et al. High-dimensional, single-cell characterization of the brain\u2019s immune compartment. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:1300\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3372_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabe4601","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe4601","volume":"7","author":"S Da Mesquita","year":"2021","unstructured":"Da Mesquita S, Herz J, Wall M, Dykstra T, de Lima KA, Norris GT, et al. Aging-associated deficit in CCR7 is linked to worsened glymphatic function, cognition, neuroinflammation, and beta-amyloid pathology. Sci Adv. 2021;7:eabe4601.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"3372_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.11.012","volume":"108","author":"W Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng W, Zhang Y, Ding S, Chen S, Wang T, Wang Z, et al. B lymphocytes ameliorate Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like neuropathology via interleukin-35. Brain Behav Immun. 2023;108:16\u201331.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3372_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.1025","volume":"96","author":"MC Gjelstrup","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gjelstrup MC, Stilund M, Petersen T, Moller HJ, Petersen EL, Christensen T. Subsets of activated monocytes and markers of inflammation in incipient and progressed multiple sclerosis. Immunol Cell Biol. 2018;96:160\u201374.","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"3372_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e152565","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI152565","volume":"132","author":"P Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan P, Kim KW, Xiao QL, Ma XC, Czerniewski LR, Liu HY, et al. Peripheral monocyte-derived cells counter amyloid plaque pathogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Clin Invest. 2022;132:e152565.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"3372_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091419","volume":"207","author":"NC Derecki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Derecki NC, Cardani AN, Yang CH, Quinnies KM, Crihfield A, Lynch KR, et al. Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4. J Exp Med. 2010;207:1067\u20131080.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"3372_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0808-7","volume":"14","author":"FF Qi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qi FF, Zuo ZJ, Yang JH, Hu SS, Yang Y, Yuan QF, et al. Combined effect of BCG vaccination and enriched environment promote neurogenesis and spatial cognition via a shift in meningeal macrophage M2 polarization. J Neuroinflammation. 2017;14:32.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3372_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01384-y","volume":"24","author":"AA Saadey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saadey AA, Yousif A, Osborne N, Shahinfar R, Chen YL, Laster B, et al. Rebalancing TGFbeta1\/BMP signals in exhausted T cells unlocks responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Nat Immunol. 2023;24:280\u201394.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"3372_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023022738","volume":"144","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang H, Zhu M, Ni X, Sun L, Wang W, et al. Platelet-derived TGF-beta1 induces functional reprogramming of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2024;144:99\u2013112.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"3372_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2008.069831","volume":"85","author":"BR Klass","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klass BR, Grobbelaar AO, Rolfe KJ. Transforming growth factor beta1 signalling, wound healing and repair: a multifunctional cytokine with clinical implications for wound repair, a delicate balance. Postgrad Med J. 2009;85:9\u201314.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"3372_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170994","volume":"64","author":"S Kawanishi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kawanishi S, Takata K, Itezono S, Nagayama H, Konoya S, Chisaki Y, et al. Bone-marrow-derived microglia-like cells ameliorate brain Amyloid pathology and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;64:563\u201385.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"3372_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1694-y","volume":"17","author":"R Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das R, Balmik AA, Chinnathambi S. Phagocytosis of full-length Tau oligomers by Actin-remodeling of activated microglia. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17:10.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"3372_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03133-4","volume":"25","author":"M Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen M, Fu W, Xu H, Liu CJ. Tau deficiency inhibits classically activated macrophage polarization and protects against collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther. 2023;25:146.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"3372_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01152-y","volume":"14","author":"M Fernandez-Alvarez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fernandez-Alvarez M, Atienza M, Cantero JL. Effects of non-modifiable risk factors of Alzheimer\u2019s disease on intracortical myelin content. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2022;14:202.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"3372_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koerte IK, Wiegand TLT, Bonke EM, Kochsiek J, Shenton ME. Diffusion imaging of sport-related repetitive head impacts-a systematic review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2023;33:122\u201343.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-022-09566-z"},{"key":"3372_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03260-3","volume":"15","author":"S Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu S, Wang Y, Wang X, Ji Y, Li C, Qiu B. Transcriptomic profiles link corticostriatal microarchitecture to genetics of neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric risks. Transl Psychiatry. 2025;15:48.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3372_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102138","volume":"6","author":"P Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun P, He Z, Chu E, Fan X, Cai Y, Lan G, et al. White matter fractional anisotropy decreases precede hyperintensities in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell Rep Med. 2025;6:102138.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"3372_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70355-6","volume":"5","author":"O Hansson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Buchhave P, Londos E, Blennow K, Minthon L. Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer\u2019s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:228\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3372_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004","volume":"108","author":"Z Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen Z, Zhong C. Decoding Alzheimer\u2019s disease from perturbed cerebral glucose metabolism: implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;108:21\u201343.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"3372_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.06.001","volume":"367","author":"H Zetterberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zetterberg H, Andreasen N, Blennow K. Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2004;367:194\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"3372_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.9.1200","volume":"74","author":"E Tarkowski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tarkowski E, Andreasen N, Tarkowski A, Blennow K. Intrathecal inflammation precedes development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:1200\u20135.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3372_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-006-0562-6","volume":"27","author":"E Rota","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rota E, Bellone G, Rocca P, Bergamasco B, Emanuelli G, Ferrero P. Increased intrathecal TGF-beta1, but not IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels in Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Neurol Sci. 2006;27:33\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"3372_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ewing-Crystal NA, Mroz NM, Larpthaveesarp A, Lizama CO, Pennington R, Chiaranunt P, et al. Dynamic fibroblast-immune interactions shape recovery after brain injury. Nature. 2025.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09449-2"},{"key":"3372_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2850-3","volume":"587","author":"S Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li S, Liu M, Do MH, Chou C, Stamatiades EG, Nixon BG, et al. Cancer immunotherapy via targeted TGF-beta signalling blockade in T(H)cells. Nature. 2020;587:121\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03372-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03372-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03372-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T09:02:43Z","timestamp":1773824563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03372-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["3372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-025-03372-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}