{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T09:46:36Z","timestamp":1776764796432,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA023534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA023534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-01175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-01175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-01175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-01175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009780","name":"Region Sk\u00e5ne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Avtal om L\u00e4karutbildning och Forskning funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Avtal om L\u00e4karutbildning och Forskning funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009780","name":"Region Sk\u00e5ne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Avtal om L\u00e4karutbildning och Forskning (ALF)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Avtal om L\u00e4karutbildning och Forskning (ALF)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While pregnancy clearly reduces the risk for Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) onset, we know less about the impact on AUD risk of having young children and how these effects vary across maternal age and level of maternal AUD genetic risk. Therefore, in 1.2 million parous Swedish women born 1960\u20131995, we examined those with a first registration for AUD between ages 15\u201340 while first pregnant, or while raising their first infant (aged 0\u201312 months), toddler (13\u201336 months) or preschooler (37\u201360 months). Genetic risk for AUD was assessed by their family genetic risk score. Pregnancy and having an infant consistently reduced AUD risk with the protective effect becoming stronger with increasing maternal genetic risk. Raising a toddler was modestly protective, but unrelated to genetic risk. Raising a preschooler, while unrelated to AUD risk in mothers with low genetic liability, in those at higher genetic liability increased AUD risk considerably. These effects varied substantially across maternal age. Being pregnant or having an infant were only marginally protective in teenage mothers. Compared to older mothers, younger mothers were considerably more sensitive to the predisposing effects on AUD risk of toddlers and preschoolers. The effects of pregnancy and rearing young children were muted at older maternal ages. We conclude that the risk for AUD mothers while pregnant or rearing small children varies substantially as a function of the age of the child, the genetic risk of the mother and the mother\u2019s age. These risk and protective factors can interact substantially with one another.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03410-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T07:58:30Z","timestamp":1765699110000},"page":"2481-2488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship in women between genetic liability and the risk of onset of alcohol use disorder while pregnant or rearing an infant, toddler, or preschool child"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8689-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dace","family":"Svikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Abrahamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7228-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3410_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1103-y","volume":"17","author":"SW Masho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Masho SW, Bishop DL, Keyser-Marcus L, Varner SB, White S, Svikis D. Least explored factors associated with prenatal smoking. Matern child health J. 2013;17:1167\u201374.","journal-title":"Matern child health J"},{"key":"3410_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00059-8","volume":"17","author":"RL Floyd","year":"1999","unstructured":"Floyd RL, Decoufl\u00e9 P, Hungerford DW. Alcohol use prior to pregnancy recognition. Am J preventive Med. 1999;17:101\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J preventive Med"},{"key":"3410_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3056-9","volume":"289","author":"P Kitsantas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kitsantas P, Gaffney KF, Wu H, Kastello JC. Determinants of alcohol cessation, reduction and no reduction during pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2014;289:771\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"3410_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-780","volume":"13","author":"J Skagerstr\u00f6m","year":"2013","unstructured":"Skagerstr\u00f6m J, Alehagen S, H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m-Nordin E, \u00c5restedt K, Nilsen P. Prevalence of alcohol use before and during pregnancy and predictors of drinking during pregnancy: a cross sectional study in Sweden. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3410_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2021.100622","volume":"29","author":"A Persson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Persson A, Lindmark S, Petersson K, Gabriel E, Thorsell M, Lindstr\u00f6m K, et al. Alcohol and illicit and non-medical prescription drug use before and during pregnancy in Stockholm, Sweden: a cross-sectional study. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2021;29:100622.","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Healthc"},{"key":"3410_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01783.x","volume":"36","author":"E Comasco","year":"2012","unstructured":"Comasco E, Hallberg G, Helander A, Oreland L, Sundelin\u2010Wahlsten V. Alcohol consumption among pregnant women in a Swedish sample and its effects on the newborn outcomes. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res. 2012;36:1779\u201386.","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3410_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.18050632","volume":"176","author":"AC Edwards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Edwards AC, Ohlsson H, Svikis DS, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Kendler KS. Protective effects of pregnancy on risk of alcohol use disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176:138\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3410_CR8","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The NSDUH report: Substance use among women during pregnancy and following childbirth. Rockville, MD: NIH;2009."},{"key":"3410_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0925-3","volume":"16","author":"ND Laborde","year":"2012","unstructured":"Laborde ND, Mair C. Alcohol use patterns among postpartum women. Matern child health J. 2012;16:1810\u20139.","journal-title":"Matern child health J"},{"key":"3410_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2007.0012","volume":"2","author":"RA Breslow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Breslow RA, Falk DE, Fein SB, Grummer-Strawn LM. Alcohol consumption among breastfeeding women. Breastfeed Med. 2007;2:152\u20137.","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"3410_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0080.2006.00056.x","volume":"63","author":"R Giglia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giglia R, Binns C. Alcohol and lactation: a systematic review. Nutr Dietetics. 2006;63:103\u201316.","journal-title":"Nutr Dietetics"},{"key":"3410_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.879","volume":"68","author":"T Jagodzinski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jagodzinski T, Fleming MF. Postpartum and alcohol-related factors associated with the relapse of risky drinking. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007;68:879\u201385.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"3410_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01316-2","volume":"21","author":"S Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim S, Choe S-A, Cho S-I. Harmful alcohol use among mothers of under-five child: findings from the panel study on Korean children. BMC Womens Health. 2021;21:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"3410_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108745","volume":"225","author":"G Leggat","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leggat G, Livingston M, Kuntsche S, Callinan S. Changes in alcohol consumption during pregnancy and over the transition towards parenthood. Drug Alcohol Dependence. 2021;225:108745.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"3410_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002165","volume":"45","author":"B Verhulst","year":"2015","unstructured":"Verhulst B, Neale MC, Kendler KS. The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychol Med. 2015;45:1061\u201372.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3410_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494807085315","volume":"36","author":"EH Wahn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wahn EH, Nissen E. Sociodemographic background, lifestyle and psychosocial conditions of Swedish teenage mothers and their perception of health and social support during pregnancy and childbirth. Scand J public health. 2008;36:415\u201323.","journal-title":"Scand J public health"},{"key":"3410_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0336","volume":"78","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Family genetic risk scores and the genetic architecture of major affective and psychotic disorders in a Swedish national sample. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:735\u201343.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3410_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01454-z","volume":"11","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. The patterns of family genetic risk scores for eleven major psychiatric and substance use disorders in a Swedish national sample. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11:326.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3410_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003317","volume":"53","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. The impact of sex, age at onset, recurrence, mode of ascertainment and medical complications on the family genetic risk score profiles for alcohol use disorder. Psychol Med. 2023;53:1732\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3410_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721003354","volume":"53","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Moscicki EK, Sundquist J, Edwards AC, Sundquist K. Genetic liability to suicide attempt, suicide death, and psychiatric and substance use disorders on the risk for suicide attempt and suicide death: a Swedish national study. Psychol Med. 2023;53:1639\u201348.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3410_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721005535","volume":"53","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Bacanu S, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Differences in genetic risk score profiles for drug use disorder, major depression, and ADHD as a function of sex, age at onset, recurrence, mode of ascertainment, and treatment. Psychol Med. 2023;53:3448\u201360.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3410_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721005134","volume":"53","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. The moderation of the genetic risk for alcohol and drug use disorders in a Swedish national sample by the genetic aptitude for educational attainment. Psychol Med. 2023;53:3077\u201384.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3410_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722000526","volume":"53","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Rosmalen JGM, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. A distinctive profile of family genetic risk scores in a Swedish national sample of cases of fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome compared to rheumatoid arthritis and major depression. Psychol Med. 2023;53:3879\u201386.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3410_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dybdahl Krebs M, Appadurai V, Georgii Hellberg K-L, Ohlsson H, et al. The relationship between genotype- and phenotype-based estimates of genetic liability to human psychiatric disorders, in practice and in theory. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2023. epub Available from: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2023.06.19.23291606v1.full.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.19.23291606"},{"key":"3410_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0613-6","volume":"52","author":"ML Hujoel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hujoel ML, Gazal S, Loh P-R, Patterson N, Price AL. Liability threshold modeling of case\u2013control status and family history of disease increases association power. Nat Genet. 2020;52:541\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3410_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/81.1.61","volume":"81","author":"DY Lin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lin DY, Ying Z. Semiparametric analysis of the additive risk model. Biometrika. 1994;81:61\u201371.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"3410_CR27","unstructured":"Martinussen T, Scheike TH Dynamic Regression Models for Survival Data. edition ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2006."},{"key":"3410_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080803","volume":"8","author":"OO Aalen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Aalen OO. A linear regression model for the analysis of life times. Stat Med. 1989;8:907\u201325.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"3410_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.081331","volume":"197","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Interpretation of interactions: guide for the perplexed. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:170\u20131.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3410_CR30","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.4.2). Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing;2024."},{"key":"3410_CR31","unstructured":"Inc. SI. SAS\/STAT User\u2019s Guide, Version 9.4. New York: STATS Publishing Inc;2012 2000."},{"key":"3410_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-019-0230-0","volume":"14","author":"AM Lubold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lubold AM. Historical-qualitative analysis of breastfeeding trends in three OECD countries. Int Breastfeed J. 2019;14:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"3410_CR33","unstructured":"Breastfeeding in Sweden over time http:\/\/neo.barnlakarforeningen.se Available from: http:\/\/neo.barnlakarforeningen.se."},{"key":"3410_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.833","volume":"152","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, MacLean C, Neale MC, Heath AC, et al. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:833\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3410_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.4.631","volume":"161","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Kuhn J, Prescott CA. The interrelationship of neuroticism, sex, and stressful life events in the prediction of episodes of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:631\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3410_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2236-1","volume":"218","author":"KM Keyes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Keyes KM, Hatzenbuehler ML, Hasin DS. Stressful life experiences, alcohol consumption, and alcohol use disorders: the epidemiologic evidence for four main types of stressors. Psychopharmacology. 2011;218:1\u201317.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3410_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01630.x","volume":"36","author":"LO Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee LO, Young Wolff KC, Kendler KS, Prescott CA. The effects of age at drinking onset and stressful life events on alcohol use in adulthood: a replication and extension using a population-based twin sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36:693\u2013704.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3410_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.010","volume":"142","author":"JM Boden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boden JM, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Associations between exposure to stressful life events and alcohol use disorder in a longitudinal birth cohort studied to age 30. Drug alcohol dependence. 2014;142:154\u201360.","journal-title":"Drug alcohol dependence"},{"key":"3410_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13947","volume":"113","author":"E Just\u2010\u00d8stergaard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Just\u2010\u00d8stergaard E, Mortensen EL, Flensborg\u2010Madsen T. Major life events and risk of alcohol use disorders: a prospective cohort study. Addiction. 2018;113:25\u201333.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3410_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000414","volume":"62","author":"K DeJong","year":"2019","unstructured":"DeJong K, Olyaei A, Lo JO. Alcohol use in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019;62:142\u201355.","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3410_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2018.12.003","volume":"32","author":"SS Kelpin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kelpin SS, Rusteikas SG, Karjane NW, Svikis DS. Screening for at-risk alcohol and drug use in the antenatal period: How do young women compare with older adult women? J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2019;32:325\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"3410_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13643","volume":"42","author":"S Vicario","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vicario S, Buykx P, Peacock M, Hardie I, De Freitas L, Bissell P, et al. Women\u2019s alcohol consumption in the early parenting period and influences of socio\u2010demographic and domestic circumstances: A scoping review and narrative synthesis. Drug alcohol Rev. 2023;42:1165\u201394.","journal-title":"Drug alcohol Rev"},{"key":"3410_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1836-5","volume":"20","author":"W Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu W, Mumford EA, Petras H. Maternal alcohol consumption during the perinatal and early parenting period: a longitudinal analysis. Matern child health J. 2016;20:376\u201385.","journal-title":"Matern child health J"},{"key":"3410_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0488","volume":"31","author":"W Kliewer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kliewer W, Svikis DS, Yousaf N, Ashton H, Cyrus JW. Psychosocial interventions for alcohol and\/or drug misuse and use disorders in women: a systematic review. J Women\u2019s Health. 2022;31:1271\u2013304.","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"3410_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"K4245","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k4245","volume":"363","author":"DM Kent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kent DM, Steyerberg E, Van Klaveren D. Personalized evidence based medicine: predictive approaches to heterogeneous treatment effects. BMJ. 2018;363:K4245.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3410_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1605086","volume":"375","author":"AV Khera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khera AV, Emdin CA, Drake I, Natarajan P, Bick AG, Cook NR, et al. Genetic risk, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, and coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:2349\u201358.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3410_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4457","volume":"75","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Lonn SL, Salvatore J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. The origin of spousal resemblance for alcohol use disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75:280\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3410_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2138","volume":"72","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Ji J, Edwards AC, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. An extended swedish national adoption study of alcohol use disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:211\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3410_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.34","volume":"156","author":"CA Prescott","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prescott CA, Kendler KS. Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of male twins. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:34\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3410_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.11.973","volume":"55","author":"KR Merikangas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Merikangas KR, Stolar M, Stevens DE, Goulet J, Preisig MA, Fenton B, et al. Familial transmission of substance use disorders. Arch Gen psychiatry. 1998;55:973\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gen psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03410-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03410-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03410-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T09:02:30Z","timestamp":1776762150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-025-03410-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-025-03410-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. We secured ethical approval for this study from the Regional Ethical Review Board in Lund (No. 2008\/409 including approved amendments). Informed consent was not applicable, as the study was based on pseudonymized data from registers.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}}]}}