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The neuromodulatory effects of microbial-derived metabolites is supported by experimental evidence, and alterations of gut microbiota have been associated with the pathophysiology of certain neuropsychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Research on the gut microbiome\u2019s role in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been predominantly cross-sectional and seldomly within the neonatal period, missing its potential impact on critical periods shaping long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. This study addresses how initial colonization and timing of specific gut bacteria, and their metabolic byproducts, may influence the risk of future ADHD. Using the highly-phenotyped COPSAC\n                    <jats:sub>2010<\/jats:sub>\n                    birth cohort, we show that a higher level of\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the child\u2019s one-week gut microbiome, after extensively adjusting for genetic and early-life factors, is associated with ADHD at age 10. Our analyses also reveal that the tryptophan-derived metabolite indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) in the neonatal dried blood spot (DBS) mediates the relationship between\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and ADHD risk. The association between neonatal DBS ILA and ADHD was replicated in two independent cohorts.\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    is known to promote healthy neurodevelopmental outcomes; however, these findings suggest that the initial temporal colonization pattern of\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    may be particularly important for neurodevelopment. In particular, elevated\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    -derived metabolite ILA levels may have adverse consequences on the child\u2019s neurodevelopment during the first week of life. This suggests that by promoting a suitable temporal colonization pattern for\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its production of ILA in the newborn may represent potential strategies for clinical interventions for supporting adequate neurodevelopment, and mitigating the risk of future ADHD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-026-03480-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:38:59Z","timestamp":1770831539000},"page":"3544-3557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Neonatal gut Bifidobacterium associates with indole-3-lactic acid levels in blood and risk of ADHD at age 10"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9715-568X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Widdowson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiraz","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Thorsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casper Sahl","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie B.","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parisa","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Richardt Moellegaard","family":"Jepsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Vinding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina Ege\u00f8","family":"Poulsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3133-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Leal","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casper-Emil T.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trine","family":"Zachariasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Ottosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Mears","family":"Werge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6227-9906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f8ren Johannes","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Chawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"B\u00f8nnelykke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urvish","family":"Trivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2590-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f8rn H.","family":"Ebdrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Stokholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"3480_CR1","first-page":"552","volume":"18","author":"TG Dinan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dinan TG, Cryan JF. 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