{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:58:04Z","timestamp":1793145484898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-026-03607-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T07:17:09Z","timestamp":1776755829000},"page":"5162-5171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Shared and disorder-specific prenatal and perinatal risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: a nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8757-0783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Peyre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4814-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Botton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Herlemont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Oli\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Zureik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Weill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7646-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosemary","family":"Dray-Spira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"3607_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.1","volume":"19","author":"JH Gilmore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilmore JH, Knickmeyer RC, Gao W. Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018;19:123\u201337.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"3607_CR2","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5-TR. 5th edition. Washington, DC: Amer Psychiatric Pub Inc; 2022."},{"key":"3607_CR3","first-page":"10","volume":"4","author":"M Cleaton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cleaton M, Kirby A. Why Do We Find it so Hard to Calculate the Burden of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Child Dev Disord. 2018;4:10.","journal-title":"J Child Dev Disord"},{"key":"3607_CR4","unstructured":"CDC. Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/data.html. Accessed 26 February 2023."},{"key":"3607_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0811","volume":"144","author":"B Zablotsky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zablotsky B, Black LI, Maenner MJ, Schieve LA, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, et al. Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among children in the United States: 2009-2017. Pediatrics. 2019;144:e20190811.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3607_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13505","volume":"63","author":"G Russell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Russell G, Stapley S, Newlove-Delgado T, Salmon A, White R, Warren F, et al. Time trends in autism diagnosis over 20 years: a UK population-based cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022;63:674\u201382.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01630-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi M, Song M, Yon DK, Lee SW, Fombonne E, Kim MS, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of autism spectrum disorder from 1990\u20132019 across 204 countries. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:4172\u201380.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4823","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02228-3","volume":"28","author":"S Cortese","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cortese S, Song M, Farhat LC, Yon DK, Lee SW, Kim MS, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of ADHD from 1990\u20132019 across 204 countries: data, with critical re-analysis, from the global burden of disease study. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:4823\u201330.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00462-1","volume":"16","author":"L Franc\u00e9s","year":"2022","unstructured":"Franc\u00e9s L, Quintero J, Fern\u00e1ndez A, Ruiz A, Caules J, Fillon G, et al. Current state of knowledge on the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood according to the DSM-5: a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA criteria. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022;16:27.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"3607_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/479022a","volume":"479","author":"K Weintraub","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weintraub K. The prevalence puzzle: autism counts. Nature. 2011;479:22\u201324.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3607_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h1961","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1961","volume":"350","author":"S Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m S, Reichenberg A, Anckars\u00e4ter H, Lichtenstein P, Gillberg C. Autism phenotype versus registered diagnosis in Swedish children: prevalence trends over 10 years in general population samples. BMJ. 2015;350:h1961.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3607_CR12","first-page":"128","volume":"6-7","author":"M Delobel-Ayoub","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delobel-Ayoub M, Klapouszczak D, Tronc C, Sentenac M, Arnaud C, Ego A. La pr\u00e9valence des TSA continue de cro\u00eetre en France: donn\u00e9es r\u00e9centes des registres des handicaps de l\u2019enfant. Bull Epid\u00e9miol Hebd. 2020;6-7:128\u201335.","journal-title":"Bull Epid\u00e9miol Hebd"},{"key":"3607_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folco CD, Guez A, Peyre H, Ramus F. Epidemiology of reading disability: A comparison of DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria. Scientific Studies of Reading. 2022;26:337\u201355.","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2021.1998067"},{"key":"3607_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710372491","volume":"15","author":"M Lecendreux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lecendreux M, Konofal E, Faraone SV. Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated features among children in France. J Atten Disord. 2011;15:516\u201324.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"3607_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2014.09.190","volume":"29","author":"D Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cohen D, Bonnot O, Caci H, Kabuth B, Raynaud J-P, Paille S, et al. \u00c9valuation du parcours de soins des enfants atteints de TDA\/H en France: r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019enqu\u00eate QUEST. Eur Psychiatry. 2014;29:596\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579420000620","volume":"33","author":"T Carlsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carlsson T, Molander F, Taylor MJ, Jonsson U, B\u00f6lte S. Early environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders \u2013 a systematic review of twin and sibling studies. Dev Psychopathol. 2021;33:1448\u201395.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"3607_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02649-8","volume":"30","author":"A Ciulkinyte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ciulkinyte A, Mountford HS, Fontanillas P, Bates TC, Martin NG, Fisher SE, et al. Genetic neurodevelopmental clustering and dyslexia. Mol Psychiatry. 2025;30:140\u201350.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-022-01285-8","volume":"55","author":"D Demontis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Demontis D, Walters GB, Athanasiadis G, Walters R, Therrien K, Nielsen TT, et al. Genome-wide analyses of ADHD identify 27 risk loci, refine the genetic architecture and implicate several cognitive domains. Nat Genet. 2023;55:198\u2013208.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3607_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0344-8","volume":"51","author":"J Grove","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grove J, Ripke S, Als TD, Mattheisen M, Walters RK, Won H, et al. Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nat Genet. 2019;51:431\u201344.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"3607_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13479","volume":"62","author":"H Peyre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peyre H, Schoeler T, Liu C, Williams CM, Hoertel N, Havdahl A, et al. Combining multivariate genomic approaches to elucidate the comorbidity between autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021;62:1285\u201396.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2321165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.21165","volume":"6","author":"J Isaksson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Isaksson J, Ruchkin V, Ljungstr\u00f6m T, B\u00f6lte S. Evaluation of birth weight and neurodevelopmental conditions among monozygotic and dizygotic twins. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2321165.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3607_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.728","volume":"288","author":"AT Bhutta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bhutta AT, Cleves MA, Casey PH, Cradock MM, Anand KJS. Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2002;288:728\u201337.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3607_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001350","volume":"32","author":"M Cortese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cortese M, Moster D, Wilcox AJ. Term Birth Weight and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. Epidemiology. 2021;32:583\u201390.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"3607_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F322","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-312916","volume":"103","author":"ES Twilhaar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Twilhaar ES, de Kieviet JF, Aarnoudse-Moens CS, van Elburg RM, Oosterlaan J. Academic performance of children born preterm: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103:F322\u2013F330.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"3607_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn250","volume":"168","author":"MS Durkin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Durkin MS, Maenner MJ, Newschaffer CJ, Lee L-C, Cunniff CM, Daniels JL, et al. Advanced parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorder. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:1268\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3607_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.4.326","volume":"161","author":"A Kolevzon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of findings. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:326\u201333.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"3607_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1019","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.294","volume":"7","author":"M Janecka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Janecka M, Mill J, Basson MA, Goriely A, Spiers H, Reichenberg A, et al. Advanced paternal age effects in neurodevelopmental disorders\u2014review of potential underlying mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1019.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094939","volume":"18","author":"X Min","year":"2021","unstructured":"Min X, Li C, Yan Y. Parental age and the risk of ADHD in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Env Res Public Health. 2021;18:4939.","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"key":"3607_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.09.586","volume":"27","author":"D Grice","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grice D, Browne HA, Buxbaum J, Hansen SN, Modabbernia A, Parner ET, et al. Parental age and differential risk for asd, adhd, ocd and tic disorders: data from a large national cohort. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:S492.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3607_CR30","first-page":"409","volume":"46","author":"S Hvolgaard Mikkelsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hvolgaard Mikkelsen S, Olsen J, Bech BH, Obel C. Parental age and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:409\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3607_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12989","volume":"67","author":"E Saure","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saure E, Castr\u00e9n M, Mikkola K, Salmi J. Intellectual disabilities moderate sex\/gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intellect Disability Res. 2023;67:1\u201334.","journal-title":"J Intellect Disability Res"},{"key":"3607_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000714","volume":"32","author":"T May","year":"2019","unstructured":"May T, Adesina I, McGillivray J, Rinehart NJ. Sex differences in neurodevelopmental disorders. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019;32:622\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"3607_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2018.06.002","volume":"76","author":"RAS Mukherjee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mukherjee RAS, Cook PA, Norgate SH, Price AD. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) with and without exposure to neglect: clinical cohort data from a national FASD diagnostic clinic. Alcohol. 2019;76:23\u201328.","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"3607_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1178","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0712","volume":"125","author":"M Landgren","year":"2010","unstructured":"Landgren M, Svensson L, Str\u00f6mland K, Andersson Gr\u00f6nlund M. Prenatal alcohol exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in children adopted from eastern Europe. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e1178\u201385.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3607_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12043","volume":"27","author":"PL Tran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tran PL, Lehti V, Lampi KM, Helenius H, Suominen A, Gissler M, et al. Smoking during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder in a finnish national birth cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2013;27:266\u201374.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"3607_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr510","volume":"176","author":"K Langley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langley K, Heron J, Smith GD, Thapar A. Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring: testing for intrauterine effects. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;176:261\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3607_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn175","volume":"168","author":"SE Gilman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilman SE, Gardener H, Buka SL. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and children\u2019s cognitive and physical development: a causal risk factor? Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168:522\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3607_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1352077","volume":"15","author":"P Madley-Dowd","year":"2024","unstructured":"Madley-Dowd P, Thomas R, Boyd A, Zammit S, Heron J, Rai D. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring risk of intellectual disability: a UK-based cohort study. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1352077.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12643","volume":"19","author":"CE Sanchez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanchez CE, Barry C, Sabhlok A, Russell K, Majors A, Kollins SH, et al. Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and child neurodevelopmental outcomes: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2018;19:464\u201384.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"3607_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30107-3","volume":"5","author":"KM Godfrey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Godfrey KM, Reynolds RM, Prescott SL, Nyirenda M, Jaddoe VWV, Eriksson JG, et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5:53\u201364.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"3607_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e435","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1477","volume":"119","author":"C-Y Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen C-Y, Liu C-Y, Su W-C, Huang S-L, Lin K-M. Factors associated with the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders: a population-based longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e435\u2013e443.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3607_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv303","volume":"44","author":"G Chin-Lun Hung","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chin-Lun Hung G, Hahn J, Alamiri B, Buka SL, Goldstein JM, Laird N, et al. Socioeconomic disadvantage and neural development from infancy through early childhood. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44:1889\u201399.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3607_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-73","volume":"13","author":"CD Nevison","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nevison CD. A comparison of temporal trends in United States autism prevalence to trends in suspected environmental factors. Env Health. 2014;13:73.","journal-title":"Env Health"},{"key":"3607_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74409-x","volume":"10","author":"J Coste","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coste J, Blotiere P-O, Miranda S, Mikaeloff Y, Peyre H, Ramus F, et al. Risk of early neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in France. Sci Rep. 2020;10:17362.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3607_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03617-3","volume":"22","author":"C Love","year":"2024","unstructured":"Love C, Sominsky L, O\u2019Hely M, Berk M, Vuillermin P, Dawson SL. Prenatal environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder and their potential mechanisms. BMC Med. 2024;22:393.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3607_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15112","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015112","volume":"5","author":"DVM Bishop","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bishop DVM. Which neurodevelopmental disorders get researched and why? PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e15112.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3607_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03005-7","volume":"30","author":"AJM Dingemans","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dingemans AJM, Jansen S, van Reeuwijk J, de Leeuw N, Pfundt R, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers J, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders from the aggregated phenomics data of 51,227 pediatric individuals. Nat Med. 2024;30:1994\u20132003.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"3607_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4233","volume":"26","author":"J Bezin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bezin J, Duong M, Lassalle R, Droz C, Pariente A, Blin P, et al. The national healthcare system claims databases in France, SNIIRAM and EGB: Powerful tools for pharmacoepidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017;26:954\u201362.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"3607_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e249429","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.9429","volume":"7","author":"P Rios","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rios P, Herlemont P, Fauque P, Lacour B, Jouannet P, Weill A, et al. Medically assisted reproduction and risk of cancer among offspring. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e249429.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3607_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.2900","volume":"177","author":"M Lassalle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lassalle M, Zureik M, Dray-Spira R. Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of serious infections in young children. JAMA Pediatr. 2023;177:1028.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"3607_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-0819","volume":"175","author":"A Meyer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meyer A, Neumann A, Drouin J, Weill A, Carbonnel F, Dray-Spira R. Benefits and risks associated with continuation of anti\u2013tumor necrosis factor after 24 weeks of pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide emulation trial. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175:1374\u201382.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3607_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.100921","volume":"42","author":"F Blangis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blangis F, Drouin J, Launay E, Miranda S, Zureik M, Cohen JF, et al. Maternal, prenatal and postnatal risk factors for early child physical abuse: a French nationwide cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2024;42:100921.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"3607_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004576","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004576","volume":"22","author":"A Tran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tran A, Zureik M, Sibiude J, Miranda S, Drouin J, Marty L, et al. First-trimester exposure to macrolides and risk of major congenital malformations compared with amoxicillin: a French nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med. 2025;22:e1004576.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3607_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2512262","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.12262","volume":"8","author":"S Billioti de Gage","year":"2025","unstructured":"Billioti de Gage S, Peyre H, Chalumeau M, Mikaeloff Y, Zureik M, Weill A. Relative age in school and initiation of speech therapy in children. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8:e2512262.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3607_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5369","volume":"30","author":"L Straub","year":"2021","unstructured":"Straub L, Bateman BT, Hernandez-Diaz S, York C, Zhu Y, Suarez EA, et al. Validity of claims-based algorithms to identify neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2021;30:1635\u201342.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"3607_CR56","unstructured":"Rey G, Rican S, Jougla E Mesure des in\u00e9galit\u00e9s de mortalit\u00e9 par cause de d\u00e9c\u00e8s. approche \u00e9cologique \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un indice de d\u00e9savantage social. Num\u00e9ro th\u00e9matique. In\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales de sant\u00e9. Bull Epidemiol Hebd. 2011;8\u20139."},{"key":"3607_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx364","volume":"33","author":"JR Conway","year":"2017","unstructured":"Conway JR, Lex A, Gehlenborg N. UpSetR: an R package for the visualization of intersecting sets and their properties. Bioinformatics. 2017;33:2938\u201340.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"3607_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1715","volume":"10","author":"A Beggiato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beggiato A, Peyre H, Maruani A, Scheid I, Rastam M, Amsellem F, et al. Gender differences in autism spectrum disorders: Divergence among specific core symptoms. Autism Res. 2017;10:680\u20139.","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"3607_CR59","first-page":"217","volume":"49","author":"UP Ramtekkar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ramtekkar UP, Reiersen AM, Todorov AA, Todd RD. Sex and age differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and diagnoses: implications for DSM-V and ICD-11. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49:217\u201328.e1-3.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11269-y","volume":"28","author":"A Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang A, Wu K, Cai Z, Lin Y, Zhang X, Huang Y. Association between postnatal second-hand smoke exposure and ADHD in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Env Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28:1370\u201380.","journal-title":"Env Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"3607_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.2825","volume":"21","author":"GMM Hosain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hosain GMM, Berenson AB, Tennen H, Bauer LO, Wu ZH. Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and risky sexual behavior in young adult women. J Women\u2019s Health. 2012;21:463\u20138.","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"3607_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0578-3","volume":"47","author":"AE Russell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russell AE, Ford T, Williams R, Russell G. The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2016;47:440\u201358.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"3607_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0264709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264709","volume":"17","author":"NJ Spencer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spencer NJ, Ludvigsson J, Bai G, Gauvin L, Clifford SA, Abu Awad Y, et al. Social gradients in ADHD by household income and maternal education exposure during early childhood: Findings from birth cohort studies across six countries. PLoS One. 2022;17:e0264709.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3607_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-221151","volume":"16","author":"TCW Isaac","year":"2023","unstructured":"Isaac TCW, Odd D, Edwards M, Chakraborty M, Kotecha SJ, Kotecha S, et al. Measuring the impact of deprivation on learning difficulties and behaviour among infants born preterm: a cohort study. J Neonatal-Perinatal Med. 2023;16:411\u201321.","journal-title":"J Neonatal-Perinatal Med"},{"key":"3607_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314470","volume":"104","author":"V Prasad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prasad V, West J, Kendrick D, Sayal K. Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: variation by socioeconomic deprivation. Arch Dis Child. 2019;104:802\u20135.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"3607_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03547-x","volume":"21","author":"I Rocco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rocco I, Corso B, Bonati M, Minicuci N. Time of onset and\/or diagnosis of ADHD in European children: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21:575.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.001","volume":"53","author":"SN Visser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Visser SN, Danielson ML, Bitsko RH, Holbrook JR, Kogan MD, Ghandour RM, et al. Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003-11. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53:34\u201346.e2.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00774.x","volume":"21","author":"B Petterson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petterson B, Bourke J, Leonard H, Jacoby P, Bower C. Co-occurrence of birth defects and intellectual disability. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2007;21:65\u201375.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"3607_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01501-6","volume":"27","author":"AM Alex","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alex AM, Aguate F, Botteron K, Buss C, Chong Y-S, Dager SR, et al. A global multicohort study to map subcortical brain development and cognition in infancy and early childhood. Nat Neurosci. 2024;27:176\u201386.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"3607_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.05.028","volume":"68","author":"TL Bale","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bale TL, Baram TZ, Brown AS, Goldstein JM, Insel TR, McCarthy MM, et al. Early life programming and neurodevelopmental disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68:314\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.231","volume":"41","author":"SL Bronson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bronson SL, Bale TL. The placenta as a mediator of stress effects on neurodevelopmental reprogramming. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;41:207\u201318.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3607_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.158","volume":"42","author":"A Meltzer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meltzer A, Van de Water J. The role of the immune system in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42:284\u201398.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3607_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-01742-2","volume":"57","author":"G Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rklund G, Meguid NA, El-Bana MA, Tinkov AA, Saad K, Dadar M, et al. Oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Neurobiol. 2020;57:2314\u201332.","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"3607_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.01.098","volume":"195","author":"L Toso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Toso L, Roberson R, Woodard J, Abebe D, Spong CY. Prenatal alcohol exposure alters GABA(A)alpha5 expression: a mechanism of alcohol-induced learning dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:522\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"3607_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/adar.2023.11628","volume":"3","author":"AC Wells","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wells AC, Lotfipour S. Prenatal nicotine exposure during pregnancy results in adverse neurodevelopmental alterations and neurobehavioral deficits. Adv Drug Alcohol Res. 2023;3:11628.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Alcohol Res"},{"key":"3607_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0198-y","volume":"25","author":"MV Lombardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lombardo MV, Auyeung B, Pramparo T, Quartier A, Courraud J, Holt RJ, et al. Sex-specific impact of prenatal androgens on social brain default mode subsystems. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:2175\u201388.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3607_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.09.039","volume":"160","author":"R Hanamsagar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanamsagar R, Bilbo SD. Sex differences in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders: Focus on microglial function and neuroinflammation during development. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;160:127\u201333.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"3607_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012","volume":"47","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2014","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA, Sheridan MA, Lambert HK. Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;47:578\u201391.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03607-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03607-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03607-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T02:02:55Z","timestamp":1785981775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03607-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-026-03607-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7578702\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The study was conducted by a public institution with permanent SNDS access (Articles R. 1461\u201312 and CNIL-2016-316). No informed consent was required. It was registered under EPI PHARE protocol T-2025-01-561.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and informed consent statements","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript. We confirm that this work is original, has not been published before, and is not under consideration elsewhere. All authors had full access to all the data in the study and accept responsibility to submit for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Disclaimer","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}