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The latter is particularly impactful when occurring during early prenatal and postnatal life. Accordingly, our own preclinical studies demonstrate that non-pathogenic rapid-growing mycobacteria, including\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium (<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>M.) vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                    NCTC 11659 and\n                    <jats:italic>M. vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 15483\n                    <jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>\n                    , have immunoregulatory and stress-protective effects when administered repeatedly prior to or during stressor exposure. Here, we advance these findings by showing that repeated intragastric (i.g.) administration of a heat-killed preparation of\n                    <jats:italic>M. vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 15483\n                    <jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>\n                    to female C57BL\/6\u2009N mice provides intergenerational stress protection. Their male offspring, despite never directly receiving administration of rapid-growing mycobacteria, were protected against multiple adverse consequences of chronic stress in adulthood. Moreover, correlational analyses implicate the fecal microbiome as a\u00a0potential mediator of these effects, with\n                    <jats:italic>M. vaccae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 15483\n                    <jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>\n                    intergenerationally facilitating \u03b1-diversity and increasing the relative abundance of bacterial taxa known to be potent short-chain fatty acid producers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-026-03638-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T18:27:46Z","timestamp":1779474466000},"page":"5538-5549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial Legacy: Mycobacterium vaccae ATCC 15483T intergenerationally diversifies the microbiome and enhances stress resilience in male mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Schiele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0233-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-Ling","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Schimmele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6964-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke W.","family":"Desmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Noschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Huber-Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Haffner-Luntzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc N.","family":"Jarczok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3920-5575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Lowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0992-634X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Langgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Stenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Slattery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan O.","family":"Reber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3638_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations DoEaSA, Population Division. 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