{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:48:44Z","timestamp":1792784924595,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-03534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-03534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NN20OC0063277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NN20OC0063277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50MH090964"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50MH090964"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB024526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB024526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Region Stockholm","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02zrae794","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The serotonin 1B receptor can be studied in vivo with PET using [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]AZ10419369, and has been linked to both the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) both exert rapid and potent antidepressive effects, and although these treatments may not act directly on the serotonin system, they both cause dose-dependent increases in serotonin levels, and there is convergent evidence suggesting that the serotonin system may be important for their mechanisms of action. In this study, we re-analysed a multi-centre dataset of 222 [\n                    <jats:sup>11<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]AZ10419369 PET measurements from three centres, including MDD patients examined with PET both before and after treatment with ketamine (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200919 completers), saline placebo (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910), or ECT (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913 completers). Using a hierarchical Bayesian approach (SiMBA) that takes advantage of the full dataset to improve parameter estimation and enable data harmonisation across centres, we demonstrate large increases in 5-HT\n                    <jats:sub>1B<\/jats:sub>\n                    R binding following both ketamine (6.4%, 95% CI: 3.1\u20139.6%) and ECT (9.3%, 95% CI: 4.3\u201314.2%). Ketamine-induced changes were statistically distinguishable from placebo, and an exploratory cross-centre comparison enabled by the data harmonisation within the combined modelling framework, suggests that ECT-induced changes are also distinguishable from placebo. These changes were not associated with individual symptom improvement. These findings suggest that despite differences in the pri-mary target of these rapid acting treatments for depression, they may converge on similar downstream changes to the serotonin system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-026-03704-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T17:15:06Z","timestamp":1783530906000},"page":"6351-6359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Convergent increases in serotonin 1B receptor binding following ketamine and electroconvulsive therapy: a multi-centre bayesian re-analysis of PET data"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5646-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Granville J.","family":"Matheson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4298-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Lundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3357-8514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"G\u00e4rde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0393-8400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma R.","family":"Veldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4590-0120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amane","family":"Tateno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl-Johan","family":"Ekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5569-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1508-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gitte M.","family":"Knudsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiro","family":"Okubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Todd","family":"Ogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8495-8125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Tiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3704_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.08.008","volume":"28","author":"Y Sari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sari Y. Serotonin1B receptors: from protein to physiological function and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2004;28:565\u201382.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3704_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.029","volume":"59","author":"S Shrestha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shrestha S, Hirvonen J, Hines CS, Henter ID, Svenningsson P, Pike VW, et al. Serotonin-1A receptors in major depression quantified using PET: controversies, confounds, and recommendations. NeuroImage. 2012;59:3243\u201351.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3704_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.12.039","volume":"26","author":"J Kaufman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaufman J, DeLorenzo C, Choudhury S, Parsey RV. The 5-HT1A receptor in major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;26:397\u2013410.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1025-0","volume":"16","author":"L Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhou C, Zhu D, Wang X, Fang L, Zhong J, et al. Serotonin-1A receptor alterations in depression: a meta-analysis of molecular imaging stud-ies. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:319.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3704_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matheson, GJ, Zanderigo, F, Miller, JM, Bartlett, EA, Mann, JJ & Ogden, RT PET imaging of the serotonin 1A receptor in major depres-sive disorder: hierarchical multivariate analysis of [11C]WAY100635 overcomes outcome measure discrepancies. Imaging Neuroscience. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/imag_a_00328.","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00328"},{"key":"3704_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16878.x","volume":"600","author":"DN Middlemiss","year":"1990","unstructured":"Middlemiss DN, Hutson PH. The 5-HT1B receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;600:132\u201347.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"3704_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.195","volume":"30","author":"J-D Gallezot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gallezot J-D, Nabulsi N, Neumeister A, Planeta-Wilson B, Williams WA, Singhal T, et al. Kinetic modeling of the serotonin 5-HT(1B) receptor radioligand [(11)C]P943 in humans. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30:196\u2013210.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"3704_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.55","volume":"31","author":"K Varn\u00a8as","year":"2011","unstructured":"Varn\u00e4as K, Nyberg S, Halldin C, Varrone A, Takano A, Karlsson P, et al. Quantitative analysis of [11C]AZ10419369 binding to 5-HT1B recep-tors in human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31:113\u201323.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"3704_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1881-0","volume":"213","author":"JW Murrough","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murrough JW, Henry S, Hu J, Gallezot J-D, Planeta-Wilson B, Neu-maier JF, et al. Reduced ventral striatal\/ventral pallidal serotonin1B receptor binding potential in major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2011;213:547\u201353.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.91","volume":"68","author":"JW Murrough","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murrough JW, Czermak C, Henry S, Nabulsi N, Gallezot J-D, Gue-orguieva R, et al. The effect of early trauma exposure on serotonin type 1B receptor expression revealed by reduced selective radioligand binding. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:892\u2013900.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"3704_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2016.04.016","volume":"253","author":"M Tiger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tiger M, Farde L, Ru\u00a8ck C, Varrone A, Forsberg A, Lindefors N, et al. Low serotonin1B receptor binding potential in the anterior cingulate cortex in drug-free patients with recurrent major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2016;253:36\u201342.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"3704_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4872-1","volume":"235","author":"M Tiger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tiger M, Varn\u00e4s K, Okubo Y, Lundberg J. The 5-HT1B receptor - a potential target for antidepressant treatment. Psychopharmacology. 2018;235:1317\u201334.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2014.05.011","volume":"223","author":"M Tiger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tiger M, R\u00fcck C, Forsberg A, Varrone A, Lindefors N, Halldin C, et al. Reduced 5-HT(1B) receptor binding in the dorsal brain stem after cognitive behavioural therapy of major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2014;223:164\u201370.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3704_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyae021","volume":"27","author":"M G\u00e4rde","year":"2024","unstructured":"G\u00e4rde M, Matheson GJ, Varn\u00e4s K, Svenningsson P, Hedman-Lagerl\u00f6f E, Lundberg J, et al. Altered serotonin 1B receptor binding after escitalopram for depression is correlated with treatment effect. Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2024;27:pyae021.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0844-4","volume":"10","author":"M Tiger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tiger M, Veldman ER, Ekman C-J, Halldin C, Svenningsson P, Lundberg J. A randomized placebo-controlled PET study of ketamine\u00b4s effect on serotonin1B receptor binding in patients with SSRI-resistant depres-sion. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10:159 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-020-0844-4.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"3704_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.060","volume":"294","author":"M Tiger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tiger M, G\u00a8arde M, Tateno A, Matheson GJ, Sakayori T, Nogami T, et al. A positron emission tomography study of the serotonin1B receptor effect of electroconvulsive therapy for severe major depressive episodes. J Affect Disord. 2021;294:645\u201351.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3704_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00288","volume":"10","author":"X L\u00f3pez-Gil","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Gil X, Jim\u00e9nez-S\u00e1nchez L, Campa L, Castro E, Frago C, Adell A. Role of serotonin and noradrenaline in the rapid antidepressant action of ketamine. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019;10:3318\u201326.","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"3704_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz041","volume":"22","author":"Y Ago","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ago Y, Tanabe W, Higuchi M, Tsukada S, Tanaka T, Yamaguchi T, et al. (R)-ketamine induces a greater increase in prefrontal 5-HT release than (S)-ketamine and ketamine metabolites via an AMPA receptor-independent mechanism. Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;22:665\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00097-9","volume":"21","author":"G Juckel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Juckel G, Mendlin A, Jacobs BL. Electrical stimulation of rat medial prefrontal cortex enhances forebrain serotonin output: implications for elec-troconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;21:391\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119195","volume":"256","author":"GJ Matheson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matheson GJ, Ogden RT. Simultaneous Multifactor Bayesian Analysis (SiMBA) of PET time activity curve data. NeuroImage. 2022;256:119195.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3704_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/IMAG.a.1011","volume":"3","author":"GJ Matheson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Matheson GJ, Lundberg J, G\u00e4rde M, Veldman ER, Tateno A, Okubo Y, et al. A reference tissue implementation of simultaneous multifactor bayesian analysis (SiMBA) of PET time activity curve data. Imaging Neurosci. 2025;3:IMAG.a.1011.","journal-title":"Imaging Neurosci"},{"key":"3704_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2529-1","volume":"41","author":"M Nord","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nord M, Finnema SJ, Schain M, Halldin C, Farde L. Test-retest reliabil-ity of [11C]AZ10419369 binding to 5-HT 1B receptors in human brain. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2014;41:301\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"3704_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.04.025","volume":"124","author":"GM Knudsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Knudsen GM, Jensen PS, Erritzoe D, Baar\u00b4e WFC, Ettrup A, Fisher PM, et al. The center for integrated molecular brain imaging (cimbi) database. NeuroImage. 2016;124:1213\u20139.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3704_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.040","volume":"103","author":"M Nord","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nord M, Cselenyi Z, Forsberg A, Rosenqvist G, Tiger M, Lundberg J, et al. Distinct regional age effects on [11C]AZ10419369 binding to 5-HT1B receptors in the human brain. NeuroImage. 2014;103:303\u20138.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3704_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0066","volume":"4","author":"AA Lammertsma","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lammertsma AA, Hume SP. Simplified reference tissue model for PET receptor studies. NeuroImage. 1996;4:153\u20138.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"3704_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.103598","volume":"53","author":"D Matuskey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matuskey D, Pittman B, Planeta-Wilson B, Walderhaug E, Henry S, Galle-zot J-D, et al. Age effects on serotonin receptor 1B as assessed by PET. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1411\u20134.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"3704_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3704_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","volume":"134","author":"SA Montgomery","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:382\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3704_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.09.042","volume":"226","author":"S Leucht","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leucht S, Fennema H, Engel RR, Kaspers-Janssen M, Szegedi A. Trans-lating the HAM-D into the MADRS and vice versa with equipercentile linking. J Affect Disord. 2018;226:326\u201331.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3704_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S305331","volume":"17","author":"AJ Rush","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rush AJ, South C, Jain S, Agha R, Zhang M, Shrestha S, et al. Clinically significant changes in the 17- and 6-item hamilton rating scales for depression: a STAR*D report. Neuropsychiatric Dis Treat. 2021;17:2333\u201345.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Dis Treat"},{"key":"3704_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02767","volume":"10","author":"D Makowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makowski D, Ben-Shachar MS, Chen SHA, L\u00fcdecke D. Indices of effect existence and significance in the bayesian framework. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2767.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3704_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19345747.2011.618213","volume":"5","author":"A Gelman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gelman A, Hill J, Yajima M. Why we (Usually) don\u2019t have to worry about multiple comparisons. J Res Educ Effectiveness. 2012;5:189\u2013211.","journal-title":"J Res Educ Effectiveness"},{"key":"3704_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-023-10366-5","volume":"34","author":"N Kallioinen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kallioinen N, Paananen T, Bu\u00a8rkner P-C, Vehtari A. Detecting and diagnos-ing prior and likelihood sensitivity with power-scaling. Stat Comput. 2023;34:57.","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"key":"3704_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0994","volume":"81","author":"T Bschor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bschor T, Nagel L, Unger J, Schwarzer G, Baethge C. Differential outcomes of placebo treatment across 9 psychiatric disorders: a system-atic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81:757\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.0994","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3704_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-017-9510-8","volume":"44","author":"R Drikvandi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drikvandi R. Nonlinear mixed-effects models for pharmacokinetic data analysis: Assessment of the random-effects distribution. J Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics. 2017;44:223\u201332.","journal-title":"J Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics"},{"key":"3704_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2005.02487.x","volume":"60","author":"CM van Rij","year":"2005","unstructured":"van Rij CM, Huitema ADR, Swart EL, Greuter HNJM, Lam-mertsma AA, van Loenen AC, et al. Population plasma pharmacokinetics of 11C-flumazenil at tracer concentrations. Br J Clin pharmacology. 2005;60:477\u201385.","journal-title":"Br J Clin pharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-11-1","volume":"11","author":"S Syv\u00e4nen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Syv\u00e4nen S, Luurtsema G, Molthoff CF, Windhorst AD, Huisman MC, Lammertsma AA, et al. (R)-[11C]Verapamil PET studies to assess changes in P-glycoprotein expression and functionality in rat blood-brain barrier after exposure to kainate-induced status epilepticus. BMC Med Imaging. 2011;11:1.","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"3704_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2018.2861875","volume":"66","author":"Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen Y, Goldsmith J, Ogden RT. Nonlinear mixed-effects models for PET data. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2019;66:881\u201391.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"3704_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720970860","volume":"66","author":"J Swainson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Swainson J, McGirr A, Blier P, Brietzke E, Richard-Devantoy S, Ravindran N, et al. The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) task force recommendations for the use of racemic ketamine in adults with major depressive disorder: recommandations Du Groupe De Travail Du R\u00b4eseau Canadien Pour Les Traitements De L\u2019humeur Et De L\u2019anxi\u00b4et\u00b4e (Canmat) Con-cernant L\u2019utilisation De La K\u00b4etamine Rac\u00b4emique Chez Les Adultes Souffrant De Trouble D\u00b4epressif Majeur. Can J Psychiatry Rev Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2021;66:113\u201325.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry Rev Canadienne De Psychiatrie"},{"key":"3704_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2023.5","volume":"9","author":"A Nygren","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nygren A, Reutfors J, Brandt L, Bod\u00e9n R, Nordenskj\u00f6ld A, Tiger M. Response to electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression: nationwide observational follow-up study. BJPsych open. 2023;9:e35.","journal-title":"BJPsych open"},{"key":"3704_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2302399","volume":"388","author":"A Anand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anand A, Mathew SJ, Sanacora G, Murrough JW, Goes FS, Altinay M, et al. Ketamine versus ECT for nonpsychotic treatment-resistant major depression. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:2315\u201325.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3704_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab088","volume":"25","author":"J Ekstrand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ekstrand J, Fattah C, Persson M, Cheng T, Nordanskog P, \u00c5keson J, et al. Racemic ketamine as an alternative to electroconvulsive therapy for unipolar depression: a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial (KetECT). Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;25:339\u201349.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR43","first-page":"960","volume":"389","author":"LR Silberbauer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Silberbauer LR, Kasper S, Spies M. Ketamine versus ECT for nonpsychotic treatment-resistant major depression. Decision making in treatment resistant depression: appeal for an individualized approach. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:960.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3704_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001945","volume":"15","author":"J Lundberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lundberg J, Tiger M, Land\u00e9n M, Halldin C, Farde L. Serotonin trans-porter occupancy with TCAs and SSRIs: a PET study in patients with major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;15:1167\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx085","volume":"21","author":"M Spies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spies M, James GM, Berroter\u00e1n-Infante N, Ibeschitz H, Kranz GS, Unterholzner J, et al. Assessment of ketamine binding of the serotonin trans-porter in humans with positron emission tomography. Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;21:145\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR46","first-page":"189","volume":"7","author":"AP Zis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zis AP, Nomikos GG, Brown EE, Damsma G, Fibiger HC. Neu-rochemical effects of electrically and chemically induced seizures: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1992;7:189\u201395.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR47","first-page":"215214","volume":"2012","author":"N Okamoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Okamoto N, Sakamoto K, Yamada M. Transient serotonin syndrome by concurrent use of electroconvulsive therapy and selective serotonin reup-take inhibitor: a case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2012;2012:215214.","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"3704_CR48","first-page":"162502","volume":"2014","author":"R Klysner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Klysner R, Bjerg Bendsen B, Hansen MS. Transient serotonin toxic-ity evoked by combination of electroconvulsive therapy and fluoxetine. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2014;2014:162502.","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"3704_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145705005900","volume":"9","author":"M Amarg\u00b4os-Bosch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amarg\u00b4os-Bosch M, L\u00b4opez-Gil X, Artigas F, Adell A. Clozapine and olan-zapine, but not haloperidol, suppress serotonin efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex elicited by phencyclidine and ketamine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;9:565\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145714000649","volume":"17","author":"N Nishitani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nishitani N, Nagayasu K, Asaoka N, Yamashiro M, Shirakawa H, Nak-agawa T, et al. Raphe AMPA receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate ketamine-induced serotonin release in the rat prefrontal cortex. Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;17:1321\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00978","volume":"8","author":"KG du Jardin","year":"2018","unstructured":"du Jardin KG, Liebenberg N, Cajina M, Mu\u00a8ller HK, Elfving B, Sanchez C, et al. S-ketamine mediates its acute and sustained antidepressant-like activity through a 5-HT1B receptor dependent mecha-nism in a genetic rat model of depression. Front Pharmacology. 2018;8:978.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-01120-1","volume":"5","author":"OT Ousdal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ousdal OT, Argyelan M, Laroy M, Anand A, Bouckaert F, Camprodon JA, et al. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on hippocampal longitudinal axis and its association with cognitive side effects. Commun Med. 2025;5:409.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"3704_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17719390","volume":"38","author":"LM J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen LM, Weikop P, Svarer C, Feng L, Keller SH, Knudsen GM. Cerebral serotonin release correlates with [11C]AZ10419369 PET measures of 5-HT1B receptor binding in the pig brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38:1243\u201352.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"3704_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.04.027","volume":"219","author":"A Merkl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Merkl A, Heuser I, Bajbouj M. Antidepressant electroconvulsive therapy: mechanism of action, recent advances and limitations. Exp Neurol. 2009;219:20\u201326.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3704_CR55","first-page":"327","volume":"2","author":"ST Wilkinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilkinson ST, Sanacora G, Bloch MH. Hippocampal volume changes following electroconvulsive therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bio-Logical Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2017;2:327\u201335.","journal-title":"Bio-Logical Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"3704_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.05.017","volume":"84","author":"L Oltedal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oltedal L, Narr KL, Abbott C, Anand A, Argyelan M, Bartsch H, et al. Volume of the human hippocampus and clinical response following electroconvulsive therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;84:574\u201381.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3704_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712001617","volume":"16","author":"M Nord","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nord M, Finnema SJ, Halldin C, Farde L. Effect of a single dose of escitalopram on serotonin concentration in the non-human and human primate brain. Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;16:1577\u201386.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0442-4","volume":"44","author":"K-C Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang K-C, Stepanov V, Amini N, Martinsson S, Takano A, Bundgaard C, et al. Effect of clinically relevant doses of vortioxetine and citalopram on seroton-ergic PET markers in the nonhuman primate brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44:1706\u201313.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20780","volume":"64","author":"SJ Finnema","year":"2010","unstructured":"Finnema SJ, Varrone A, Hwang TJ, Guly\u00e1s B, Pierson ME, Halldin C, et al. Fenfluramine-induced serotonin release decreases [11C]AZ10419369 binding to 5-HT1B-receptors in the primate brain. Synapse. 2010;64:573\u20137.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"3704_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2024.173917","volume":"247","author":"EA Clark","year":"2025","unstructured":"Clark EA, Wang L, Hanania T, Kretschmannova K, Bianchi M, Jagger E, et al. 5-HT1B receptor activation produces rapid antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Pharmacology Biochem Behav. 2025;247:173917.","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochem Behav"},{"key":"3704_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.017","volume":"61","author":"AL Halberstadt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Halberstadt AL, Geyer MA. Multiple receptors contribute to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens. Neuropharmacology. 2011;61:364\u201381.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"3704_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleury S, Nautiyal, KM. The non-hallucinogenic serotonin 1B receptor is required for some of the behavioral effects of psilocybin in mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2026;31:2685\u201397.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03387-1"},{"key":"3704_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e078084","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078084","volume":"385","author":"A-M Metaxa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Metaxa A-M, Clarke M. Efficacy of psilocybin for treating symptoms of depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2024;385:e078084.","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03704-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03704-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03704-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:57:54Z","timestamp":1792011474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03704-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-026-03704-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Johan Lundberg has received a lecture fee from Janssen Sweden outside the submitted work. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"All studies were approved by the relevant regional ethics committees: the Regional Ethical Review Board in Stockholm (KI), the Institutional Review Board at Nippon Medical School (NMS data), and the Danish National Committee on Health Research Ethics (NRU\/CIMBI data). All subjects gave written informed consent prior to participation. All studies were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}