{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:26:11Z","timestamp":1793834771457,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mol Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \u201cNutraceuticals\u201d and \u201cphytoceuticals\u201d may have antidepressant activity, prompting an in-depth network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials\u00a0(RCTs).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Systematic review and network meta-analysis (PubMed\/MEDLINE\/EMBASE\/Scopus\/PsycINFO\/CENTRAL\/ClinicalTrials.gov\u00a0(until 01\/07\/2025) of RCTs vs. placebo or treatment as usual\u00a0(TAU\u2009=\u2009antidepressants) testing nutraceuticals\/phytoceuticals in major depressive disorder (MDD). Change in depressive symptomatology\u00a0(standardized-mean-difference\u2009=\u2009SMD), treatment response, and all-cause discontinuation (acceptability)\u00a0(risk ratio\u2009=\u2009RR) were co-primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were anxiety symptom changes, adverse event-related discontinuation\u00a0(\u201ctolerability\u201d), and symptom remission. We conducted subgroup, transitivity, and sensitivity analyses to explore\/reduce heterogeneity, and assessed global\/local inconsistency, publication bias, risk of bias\u00a0(RoB), and confidence in the evidence\u00a0(CINeMA\/AMSTAR-Plus).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Across 163 studies\u00a0(n\u2009=\u200915,757, distinct compounds\u2019 combinations n\u2009=\u2009137), several molecules\/classes outperformed placebo with very large effect sizes. Restricting analyses to compounds with \u22652RCTs\/non-TAU antidepressants\/low RoB\/non-sponsored trials\/non-outliers, higher-than-expected\/unrealistic effect sizes emerged vs. placebo for eicosapentaenoic acid\u00a0(EPA)\u00a0(k\u2009=\u200920, n\u2009=\u20098483; SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.67;95%C.I.\u2009=\u2009\u22122.38;\u22120.97), vitamin D3\u00a0(k\u2009=\u20093, n\u2009=\u2009344; SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.59;95%C.I.\u2009=\u2009\u22122.71;\u22120.46), and St. John\u2019s-wort-extract-ZE117\u00a0(k\u2009=\u20093,n\u2009=\u2009207;SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22121.02;95%C.I\u2009=\u2009\u22121.90;\u22120.15) regarding depressive symptomatology. Substantial heterogeneity\u00a0(I\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200985.3%;95%C.I.\u2009=\u200981.9%;88.0%) and global inconsistency\u00a0(Q-between-designs\u2009=\u2009186.91, p\u2009<\u20090.0001) emerged, explained by subgroup and sensitivity analyses, without publication bias. Additionally, a medium effect size emerged vs. placebo for curcumin\u00a0(k\u2009=\u20092,n\u2009=\u200989;SMD\u2009=\u2009\u22120.58;95%C.I.\u2009=\u2009\u22120.99;\u22120.18) regarding anxiety reduction in low RoB analyses. Shugan granules, EPA, EPA+Docosahexaenoic Acid, ZE117, and fluoxetine+EPA response and St. John\u2019s wort extract WS5570\/ZE117 remission significantly outperformed placebo. Citicoline was associated with significantly more dropouts than placebo. A meta-regression of efficacy effect sizes against adapted AMSTAR-Plus scores showed that larger SMDs were associated with lower AMSTAR scores, indicating lower study quality.\u00a0Confidence in the evidence was low to very low.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Upon filtering low-quality evidence, only a few nutraceutical\/phytoceuticals showed potential for depressive symptoms, warranting more rigorous trials.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-026-03759-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:00:30Z","timestamp":1788274830000},"page":"7013-7060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals for the treatment of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9647-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Fornaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Miola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8130-437X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Calati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2500-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Ferrer","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Luca","family":"Steardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon","family":"Stubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7233-5860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mischoulon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph U.","family":"Correll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-7233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Solmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"3759_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437251394363","volume":"71","author":"A Bahji","year":"2026","unstructured":"Bahji A, Brietzke E, Cooke NC, Clement F, Frey BN, Hofmeister M, et al. The Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments task force recommendations for the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplants in adults with major depressive disorder: recommandations du groupe de travail du R\u00e9seau canadien pour le traitement des troubles de l\u2019humeur et de l\u2019anxi\u00e9t\u00e9 (Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments, CANMAT) concernant l\u2019utilisation des probiotiques, des pr\u00e9biotiques, des symbiotiques et de la transplantation de microbiote f\u00e9cal chez les adultes atteints de trouble d\u00e9pressif majeur. Can J Psychiatry. 2026;71:346\u201358.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15091228","volume":"173","author":"J Sarris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarris J, Murphy J, Mischoulon D, Papakostas GI, Fava M, Berk M, et al. Adjunctive nutraceuticals for depression: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:575\u201387.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2021.2013041","volume":"23","author":"J Sarris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarris J, Ravindran A, Yatham LN, Marx W, Rucklidge JJ, McIntyre RS, et al. Clinician guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders with nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2022;23:424\u201355.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291725000996","volume":"55","author":"Y-C Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng Y-C, Huang W-L, Chen W-Y, Huang Y-C, Kuo P-H, Tu Y-K. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of nutraceuticals for depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Psychological Med. 2025;55:e134.","journal-title":"Psychological Med"},{"key":"3759_CR5","unstructured":"WHO. Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. In: Organization WH (ed). Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. 2017."},{"key":"3759_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2013.00177","volume":"4","author":"M Ekor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol. 2014;4:177.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"3759_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mann P, Jangra G, Saini K, Narwal S, Dhingra AK, Singh G Nutraceuticals in depression management: current evidence and perspectives. Recent Adv Food Nutr Agri. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/012772574X361750250323111150.","DOI":"10.2174\/012772574X361750250323111150"},{"key":"3759_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0715-4","volume":"266","author":"S Leucht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leucht S, Chaimani A, Cipriani AS, Davis JM, Furukawa TA, Salanti G. Network meta-analyses should be the highest level of evidence in treatment guidelines. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;266:477\u201380.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3759_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"B Hutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM, Chaimani A, Schmid CH, Cameron C, et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:777\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"3759_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02645-y","volume":"30","author":"M Fornaro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fornaro M, Caiazza C, Billeci M, Berk M, Marx W, Balanz\u00e1-Martinez V, et al. Nutraceuticals and phytoceuticals in the treatment of schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis \u201cNutra NMA SCZ\u201d. Mol Psychiatry. 2025;30:168\u201387.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR11","unstructured":"Rohatgi A. WebPlotDigitizer. Austin, Texas, USA. 2017."},{"key":"3759_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382","volume":"134","author":"SA Montgomery","year":"1979","unstructured":"Montgomery SA, \u00c5sberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J psychiatry. 1979;134:382\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck A, Ward C, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbauch J. Beck depression inventory (BDI)[database record]. APA PsycTests; 1961.","DOI":"10.1037\/t00741-000"},{"key":"3759_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown G. Beck depression inventory\u2013II. Psych Assess. 1996.","DOI":"10.1037\/t00742-000"},{"key":"3759_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","volume":"32","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol. 1959;32:50\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"3759_CR17","unstructured":"Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer R. Beck anxiety inventory. Consult Clin Psychol. 1993."},{"key":"3759_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spielberger CD. State-trait anxiety inventory for adults. 1983.","DOI":"10.1037\/t06496-000"},{"key":"3759_CR19","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised crossover trials (beta). BMJ. 2020;366:l4898.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"3759_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d549","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d549","volume":"342","author":"RD Riley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Riley RD, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. Bmj. 2011;342:d549.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"3759_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta\u2010analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539\u201358.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"3759_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1044","volume":"3","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Jackson D, Barrett JK, Lu G, Ades AE, White IR. Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies. Res Synth Methods. 2012;3:98\u2013110.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"3759_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys222","volume":"42","author":"AA Veroniki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Veroniki AA, Vasiliadis HS, Higgins JP, Salanti G. Evaluation of inconsistency in networks of interventions. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42:332\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3759_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0060-8","volume":"15","author":"G R\u00fccker","year":"2015","unstructured":"R\u00fccker G, Schwarzer G. Ranking treatments in frequentist network meta-analysis works without resampling methods. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2015;15:58.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"3759_CR25","unstructured":"APA (ed). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Washington, D.C., USA: American Psychiatric Association; 1994."},{"key":"3759_CR26","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 63 (updated February 2022). John Wiley & Sons; 2022."},{"key":"3759_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12817","volume":"74","author":"L Lin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lin L, Chu H. Quantifying publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. 2018;74:785\u201394.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"3759_CR28","unstructured":"Team RC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. vol. version 4.3.2. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2023."},{"key":"3759_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v106.i02","volume":"106","author":"S Balduzzi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balduzzi S, R\u00fccker G, Nikolakopoulou A, Papakonstantinou T, Salanti G, Efthimiou O, et al. netmeta: an R package for network meta-analysis using frequentist methods. J Stat Softw. 2023;106:1\u201340.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"3759_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003082","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003082","volume":"17","author":"A Nikolakopoulou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nikolakopoulou A, Higgins JP, Papakonstantinou T, Chaimani A, Del Giovane C, Egger M, et al. CINeMA: an approach for assessing confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17:e1003082.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3759_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0624","volume":"74","author":"CU Correll","year":"2017","unstructured":"Correll CU, Rubio JM, Inczedy-Farkas G, Birnbaum ML, Kane JM, Leucht S. Efficacy of 42 pharmacologic cotreatment strategies added to antipsychotic monotherapy in schizophrenia: systematic overview and quality appraisal of the meta-analytic evidence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:675\u201384.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213744","volume":"16","author":"M Bidzan-Wi\u0105cek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bidzan-Wi\u0105cek M, Tomczyk M, B\u0142a\u017cek M, Mika A, Antosiewicz J. No effects of Omega-3 supplementation on kynurenine pathway, inflammation, depressive symptoms, and stress response in males: a placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2024;16:3744.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3759_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.04.008","volume":"126","author":"M Bot","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bot M, Pouwer F, Assies J, Jansen EH, Diamant M, Snoek FJ, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid as an add-on to antidepressant medication for co-morbid major depression in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2010;126:282\u20136.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19m12742","volume":"80","author":"RM Carney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carney RM, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, Rich MW, Steinmeyer BC, Harris WS. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 and sertraline in depressed patients with or at risk for coronary heart disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80:19m12742.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09660","volume":"77","author":"RM Carney","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carney RM, Steinmeyer BC, Freedland KE, Rubin EH, Rich MW, Harris WS. Baseline blood levels of omega-3 and depression remission: a secondary analysis of data from a placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 supplements. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77:e138\u2013e143.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.09.129","volume":"369","author":"YC Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng YC, Chen WY, Lin C, Lee SH, Chiu CC, Kuo PH. The N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation to prevent depression recurrence in patients with late-life depression: a 52-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2025;369:8\u201315.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.12.228","volume":"110","author":"MP Freeman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Freeman MP, Davis M, Sinha P, Wisner KL, Hibbeln JR, Gelenberg AJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and supportive psychotherapy for perinatal depression: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2008;110:142\u20138.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670701827275","volume":"42","author":"S Jazayeri","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jazayeri S, Tehrani-Doost M, Keshavarz SA, Hosseini M, Djazayery A, Amini H, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine, separately and in combination, in major depressive disorder. Australian N ZealJ Psychiatry. 2008;42:192\u20138.","journal-title":"Australian N ZealJ Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14074","volume":"83","author":"D Mischoulon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mischoulon D, Dunlop BW, Kinkead B, Schettler PJ, Lamon-Fava S, Rakofsky JJ, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder with high inflammation: a randomized dose-finding clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83:21m14074.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR40","first-page":"4834","volume":"70","author":"D Mischoulon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mischoulon D, Papakostas GI, Dording CM, Farabaugh AH, Sonawalla SB, Agoston AM, et al. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate for major depressive disorder. J Clin psychiatry. 2009;70:4834.","journal-title":"J Clin psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.3.477","volume":"159","author":"B Nemets","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nemets B, Stahl Z, Belmaker RH. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid to maintenance medication treatment for recurrent unipolar depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:477\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001767","volume":"43","author":"M Piperoglou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Piperoglou M, Hopwood M, Norman TR. Adjunctive docosahexaenoic acid in residual symptoms of depression and anxiety. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2023;43:493\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670701827267","volume":"42","author":"AM Rees","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rees AM, Austin MP, Parker GB. Omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for perinatal depression: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Australian N ZealJ Psychiatry. 2008;42:199\u2013205.","journal-title":"Australian N ZealJ Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2010.10719817","volume":"29","author":"M Rondanelli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rondanelli M, Giacosa A, Opizzi A, Pelucchi C, Vecchia CL, Montorfano G, et al. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on depressive symptoms and on health-related quality of life in the treatment of elderly women with depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010;29:55\u201364.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"3759_CR45","first-page":"S23","volume":"47","author":"JP Sahoo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sahoo JP, Jarnail S, Khurana H, Singh P. Omega-3 fatty acids versus 5-hydroxytryptophan as add on therapy in patients with depression: a comparative study. Indian J Pharmacol. 2015;47:S23\u2013S24.","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147195","volume":"11","author":"L Shinto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shinto L, Marracci G, Mohr DC, Bumgarner L, Murchison C, Senders A, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in multiple sclerosis: a randomized pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0147195.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3759_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(03)00032-4","volume":"13","author":"KP Su","year":"2003","unstructured":"Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu CC, Shen WW. Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: a preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;13:267\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0418","volume":"69","author":"KP Su","year":"2008","unstructured":"Su KP, Huang SY, Chiu TH, Huang KC, Huang CL, Chang HC, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for major depressive disorder during pregnancy: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:644\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213688","volume":"16","author":"SK Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu SK, Yang KJ, Liu WC, Malau IA, Zailani H, Chang CH, et al. The efficacy of Omega-3 fatty acids as the monotherapy for depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Nutrients. 2024;16:3688.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3759_CR50","volume":"9","author":"R Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang R, Wang L, Jin K, Cao S, Wu C, Guo J, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation alleviate anxiety rather than depressive symptoms among first-diagnosed, Drug-Na\u00efve Major depressive disorder patients: a randomized clinical trial. Front Nutr. 2022;9:876152.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"3759_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2008.04.011","volume":"18","author":"D Mischoulon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mischoulon D, Best-Popescu C, Laposata M, Merens W, Murakami JL, Wu SL, et al. A double-blind dose-finding pilot study of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18:639\u201345.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e31828f619a","volume":"33","author":"H Mozaffari-Khosravi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Nabizade L, Yassini-Ardakani SM, Hadinedoushan H, Barzegar K. The effect of 2 different single injections of high dose of vitamin D on improving the depression in depressed patients with vitamin D deficiency: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33:378\u201385.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.5.996","volume":"160","author":"LB Marangell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Marangell LB, Martinez JM, Zboyan HA, Kertz B, Kim HFS, Puryear LJ. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160:996\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.112613","volume":"282","author":"M Ahmadpanah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahmadpanah M, Ramezanshams F, Ghaleiha A, Akhondzadeh S, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Brand S. Crocus Sativus L. (saffron) versus sertraline on symptoms of depression among older people with major depressive disorders\u2013a double-blind, randomized intervention study. Psychiatry Res. 2019;282:112613.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3759_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-4-12","volume":"4","author":"S Akhondzadeh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Akhondzadeh S, Fallah-Pour H, Afkham K, Jamshidi AH, Khalighi-Cigaroudi F. Comparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a pilot double-blind randomized trial [ISRCTN45683816]. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2004;4:12.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"3759_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13040","volume":"45","author":"S Akhondzadeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akhondzadeh S, Mostafavi SA, Keshavarz SA, Mohammadi MR, Hosseini S, Eshraghian MR. A placebo controlled randomized clinical trial of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on depression and food craving among overweight women with mild to moderate depression. J Clin Pharm Therapeutics. 2020;45:134\u201343.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Therapeutics"},{"key":"3759_CR57","first-page":"151","volume":"9","author":"A Chopra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chopra A, Kalyani AK. Comparison of efficacy of Crocus sativus L. with fluoxetine for improving depression among patients with cardiovascular diseases. Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharma Res. 2020;9:151\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharma Res"},{"key":"3759_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-116159","volume":"50","author":"A Ghajar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghajar A, Neishabouri SM, Velayati N, Jahangard L, Matinnia N, Haghighi M, et al. Crocus sativus L versus citalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder with anxious distress: a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2017;50:152\u201360.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR59","first-page":"43","volume":"8","author":"G Jelodar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jelodar G, Javid Z, Sahraian A, Jelodar S. Saffron improved depression and reduced homocysteine level in patients with major depression: a Randomized, double-blind study. Avicenna J Phytomedicine. 2018;8:43\u201350.","journal-title":"Avicenna J Phytomedicine"},{"key":"3759_CR60","first-page":"64","volume":"50","author":"L Kashani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kashani L, Eslatmanesh S, Saedi N, Niroomand N, Ebrahimi M, Hosseinian M, et al. Comparison of saffron versus fluoxetine in treatment of mild to moderate postpartum depression: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2017;50:64\u201368.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.047","volume":"207","author":"AL Lopresti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lopresti AL, Drummond PD. Efficacy of curcumin, and a saffron\/curcumin combination for the treatment of major depression: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:188\u201396.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2015-0043","volume":"13","author":"M Mazidi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mazidi M, Shemshian M, Mousavi SH, Norouzy A, Kermani T, Moghiman T, et al. A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the treatment of anxiety and depression. J Complement Integr Med. 2016;13:195\u20139.","journal-title":"J Complement Integr Med"},{"key":"3759_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2006.08.006","volume":"13","author":"E Moshiri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moshiri E, Basti AA, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Hesameddin Abbasi S, Akhondzadeh S. Crocus sativus L. (petal) in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2006;13:607\u201311.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"3759_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.11.004","volume":"97","author":"AA Noorbala","year":"2005","unstructured":"Noorbala AA, Akhondzadeh S, Tahmacebi-Pour N, Jamshidi AH. Hydro-alcoholic extract of Crocus sativus L. versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot trial. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;97:281\u20134.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.11.003","volume":"155","author":"N Shahmansouri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shahmansouri N, Farokhnia M, Abbasi SH, Kassaian SE, Noorbala Tafti AA, Gougol A, et al. A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with fluoxetine for improving mild to moderate depression in post percutaneous coronary intervention patients. J Affect Disord. 2014;155:216\u201322.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.035","volume":"174","author":"A Talaei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Talaei A, Hassanpour Moghadam M, Sajadi Tabassi SA, Mohajeri SA. Crocin, the main active saffron constituent, as an adjunctive treatment in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical trial. J Affect Disord. 2015;174:51\u201356.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.9.1110","volume":"145","author":"KM Bell","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bell KM, Plon L, Bunney WE Jr, Potkin SG. S-adenosylmethionine treatment of depression: a controlled clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:1110\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR68","first-page":"305","volume":"24","author":"I Caruso","year":"1987","unstructured":"Caruso I, Fumagalli M, Boccassini L, Puttini SP, Santandrea S, Giniselli G, et al. Treatment of depression in rheumatoid arthritic patients. A comparison of S-adenosylmethionine (Samyr) and placebo in a double-blind study. Clin Trials J. 1987;24:305\u201310.","journal-title":"Clin Trials J"},{"key":"3759_CR69","first-page":"865","volume":"41","author":"D De Leo","year":"1987","unstructured":"De Leo D. S-Adenosylmethionine as an antidepressant. A double-blind trial versus placebo. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 1987;41:865\u201370.","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp"},{"key":"3759_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.5.591","volume":"147","author":"BL Kagan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kagan BL, Sultzer DL, Rosenlicht N, Gerner RH. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:591\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08591","volume":"75","author":"D Mischoulon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mischoulon D, Price LH, Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Papakostas GI, Baer L, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) versus escitalopram in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75:370\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145702003085","volume":"5","author":"P Pancheri","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pancheri P, Scapicchio P, Delle Chiaie R. A double-blind, randomized parallel-group, efficacy and safety study of intramuscular S-adenosyl-L-methionine 1, 4-butanedisulphonate (SAMe) versus imipramine in patients with major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002;5:287\u201394.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09081198","volume":"167","author":"GI Papakostas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Papakostas GI, Mischoulon D, Shyu I, Alpert JE, Fava M. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:942\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR74","volume":"22","author":"A Saccarello","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saccarello A, Montarsolo P, Massardo I, Picciotto R, Pedemonte A, Castagnaro R, et al. Oral administration of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and lactobacillus plantarum HEAL9 improves the Mild-To-Moderate symptoms of depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2020;22:19m02578.","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.10.040","volume":"262","author":"H Sakurai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sakurai H, Carpenter LL, Tyrka RA, Price LH, Papakostas IG, Dording CM, et al. Dose increase of S-Adenosyl-Methionine and escitalopram in a randomized clinical trial for major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2020;262:118\u201325.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.07.098","volume":"28","author":"J Sarris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Bousman C, Stough C, Murphy J, MacDonald P, et al. Adjunctive S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in treating non-remittent major depressive disorder: an 8-week double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;28:1126\u201336.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05358-1","volume":"237","author":"J Sarris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarris J, Murphy J, Stough C, Mischoulon D, Bousman C, MacDonald P, et al. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) monotherapy for depression: an 8-week double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Psychopharmacol. 2020;237:209\u201318.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.10.010","volume":"107","author":"SD Targum","year":"2018","unstructured":"Targum SD, Cameron BR, Ferreira L, MacDonald ID. An augmentation study of MSI-195 (S-adenosylmethionine) in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;107:86\u201396.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3759_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0532-z","volume":"255","author":"L Bjerkenstedt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bjerkenstedt L, Edman GV, Alken RG, Mannel M. Hypericum extract LI 160 and fluoxetine in mild to moderate depression: a randomized, placebo-controlled multi-center study in outpatients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;255:40\u201347.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3759_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)89010-4","volume":"22","author":"R Brenner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brenner R, Azbel V, Madhusoodanan S, Pawlowska M. Comparison of an extract of hypericum (LI 160) and sertraline in the treatment of depression: a double-blind, randomized pilot study. Clin Ther. 2000;22:411\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"3759_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.14.1807","volume":"287","author":"JRT Davidson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Davidson JRT, Gadde KM, Fairbank JA, Ranga Rama Krishnan K, Califf RM, Binanay C, et al. Effect of Hypericum perforatum (St John\u2019s wort) in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287:1807\u201314.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"3759_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000178416.60426.29","volume":"25","author":"M Fava","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fava M, Alpert J, Nierenberg AA, Mischoulon D, Otto MW, Zajecka J, et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of St John\u2019s wort, fluoxetine, and placebo in major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;25:441\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n0814","volume":"65","author":"AJ Gelenberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gelenberg AJ, Shelton RC, Crits-Christoph P, Keller MB, Dunner DL, Hirschfeld RM, et al. The effectiveness of St. John\u2019s Wort in major depressive disorder: a naturalistic phase 2 follow-up in which nonresponders were provided alternate medication. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1114\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"SUPPL.","key":"3759_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979524","volume":"30","author":"EU Vorbach","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vorbach EU, Arnoldt KH, Hubner WD. Efficacy and tolerability of St. John\u2019s wort extract LI 160 versus imipramine in patients with severe depressive episodes according to ICD-10. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;30(SUPPL.):81\u201385.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3759_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979523","volume":"30","author":"D Wheatley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wheatley D. LI 160, an extract of St. John\u2019s wort, versus amitriptyline in mildly to moderately depressed outpatients-a controlled 6-week clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997;30(Suppl 2):77\u201380.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000343970","volume":"28","author":"C Song","year":"2013","unstructured":"Song C. Essential fatty acids as potential anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of affective disorders. Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry. 2013;28:75\u201389.","journal-title":"Mod Trends Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.07.037","volume":"129","author":"F Vellekkatt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vellekkatt F, Menon V, Rajappa M, Sahoo J. Effect of adjunctive single dose parenteral Vitamin D supplementation in major depressive disorder with concurrent vitamin D deficiency: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;129:250\u20136.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3759_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7","volume":"391","author":"A Cipriani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018;391:1357\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3759_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105963","volume":"175","author":"V Musazadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Musazadeh V, Zarezadeh M, Faghfouri AH, Keramati M, Ghoreishi Z, Farnam A. Saffron, as an adjunct therapy, contributes to relieve depression symptoms: an umbrella meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2022;175:105963.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"3759_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601204","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1601204","volume":"16","author":"Q Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu Q, Lian H, Zhou R, Gu Z, Wu J, Wu Y, et al. Curcumin and multiple health outcomes: critical umbrella review of intervention meta-analyses. Front Pharmacol. 2025;16:1601204.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118013","volume":"328","author":"S Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma S, Chong Y, Zhang R, Quan W, Gui J, Li L, et al. Glycyrrhizic acid treatment ameliorates anxiety-like behaviour via GLT1 and Per1\/2-dependent pathways. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024;328:118013.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.5530\/pj.2024.16.208","volume":"16","author":"PAA Alvarado-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alvarado-Garc\u00eda PAA, Soto-V\u00e1squez MR, Romero TLC, Benites SM, Auris-L\u00f3pez AD, Del Pino-Aliaga GM. Exploring the calming potential of peppermint: anxiolytic effects of mentha piperita essential oil on state and trait anxiety. Pharmacognosy J. 2024;16:1290\u20136.","journal-title":"Pharmacognosy J"},{"key":"3759_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01783-2","volume":"275","author":"S Kasper","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kasper S, Volz H-P, M\u00f6ller H-J, Schl\u00e4fke S, Klement S, Anghelescu I-G, et al. Lavender oil preparation Silexan is effective in mild-to-moderate major depression: a randomized, placebo-and reference-controlled trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2025;275:1693\u2013703.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3759_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115032","volume":"290","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Li L, Guo R, Yu H, Wang X, Wang B, et al. Clinical efficacy of Shugan granule in the treatment of mixed anxiety-depressive disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;290:115032.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333261","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1333261","volume":"14","author":"M Moabedi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moabedi M, Aliakbari M, Erfanian S, Milajerdi A. Magnesium supplementation beneficially affects depression in adults with depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1333261.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.06.022","volume":"136","author":"J Lai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lai J, Moxey A, Nowak G, Vashum K, Bailey K, McEvoy M. The efficacy of zinc supplementation in depression: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2012;136:e31\u2013e39.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000185","volume":"40","author":"M Roohi-Azizi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roohi-Azizi M, Arabzadeh S, Amidfar M, Salimi S, Zarindast MR, Talaei A, et al. Citicoline combination therapy for major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2017;40:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.05.006","volume":"143","author":"ES Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown ES, Gabrielson B. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of citicoline for bipolar and unipolar depression and methamphetamine dependence. J Affect Disord. 2012;143:257\u201360.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwosu OK, Ubaoji KI Nutraceuticals: history, classification and market demand. Functional foods and nutraceuticals: bioactive components, formulations and innovations. Springer; 2020, pp. 13\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42319-3_2"},{"key":"3759_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnme.2013.10.002","volume":"8","author":"D Cardenas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cardenas D. Let not thy food be confused with thy medicine: the Hippocratic misquotation. e-SPEN J. 2013;8:e260\u2013e262.","journal-title":"e-SPEN J"},{"key":"3759_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11240-022-02287-4","volume":"149","author":"J Dou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dou J, Weathers P. Specialty molecules from plants and in vitro cultures as new drugs: regulatory considerations from flask to patient. Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult. 2022;149:105\u201311.","journal-title":"Plant Cell, Tissue Organ Cult"},{"key":"3759_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.11025","volume":"320","author":"JP Ioannidis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ioannidis JP. The challenge of reforming nutritional epidemiologic research. J Am Med Assoc. 2018;320:969\u201370.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"3759_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marx W, Mueller-Stierlin AS, Wallace C, Lee M, Dawson SL, Berk M, et al. What is Nutritional Psychiatry? Position statement from the International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research. Nutritional Psychiatry. 2026:100015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nupsyc.2026.100015.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nupsyc.2026.100015"},{"key":"3759_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marx W, Visser M, Wallace C, Jacka FN, Bayes J, Francis H, et al. Methodological and reporting recommendations for clinical trials in Nutritional Psychiatry: guidelines from the International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research. Br J Nutr. 2024:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114524001946.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114524001946"},{"key":"3759_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.70020","volume":"25","author":"F Cirulli","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cirulli F, Dickson SL. Nutritional psychiatry on the move: the activities of the ECNP Nutrition Network to leverage nutrition for brain health. World Psychiatry. 2026;25:155.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.03.097","volume":"380","author":"M A\u00e7ik","year":"2025","unstructured":"A\u00e7ik M, \u00c7akiro\u011flu FP, Tekin A, Egeli A. The effect of fish oil versus krill oil intervention on clinical symptoms and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial. J Affect Disord. 2025;380:171\u201380.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.11.010","volume":"31","author":"A Akhondzadeh Basti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akhondzadeh Basti A, Moshiri E, Noorbala AA, Jamshidi AH, Abbasi SH, Akhondzadeh S. Comparison of petal of Crocus sativus L. and fluoxetine in the treatment of depressed outpatients: a pilot double-blind randomized trial. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31:439\u201342.","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.17241\/smr.2021.01130","volume":"13","author":"S Akhondzadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Akhondzadeh S, Mostafavi SA, Keshavarz SA, Mohammadi MR, Chamari M. Melatonin effects in women with comorbidities of overweight, depression, and sleep disturbance: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Sleep Med Res. 2022;13:22\u201330.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Res"},{"key":"3759_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Fotouhi A, Jarvandi S, Mobaseri M, Moin M, et al. Comparison of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. tincture and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003;27:123\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0278-5846(02)00342-1.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(02)00342-1"},{"key":"3759_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.003","volume":"32","author":"G Akkasheh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akkasheh G, Kashani-Poor Z, Tajabadi-Ebrahimi M, Jafari P, Akbari H, Taghizadeh M, et al. Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrition. 2016;32:315\u201320.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"3759_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.145177","volume":"205","author":"OP Almeida","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almeida OP, Ford AH, Hirani V, Singh V, VanBockxmeer FM, McCaul K, et al. B vitamins to enhance treatment response to antidepressants in middle-aged and older adults: Results from the B-VITAGE randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;205:450\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amini S, Amani R, Jafarirad S, Cheraghian B, Sayyah M, Hemmati AA. The effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers, estradiol levels and severity of symptoms in women with postpartum depression: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25:22\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1707396.","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1707396"},{"key":"3759_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.2174\/1570163815666180219115844","volume":"16","author":"M Anushiravani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anushiravani M, Manteghi AA, Taghipur A, Eslami M. Comparing effectiveness of a combined herbal drug based on echium amoenum with citalopram in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2019;16:232\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Discov Technol"},{"key":"3759_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03003-5","volume":"20","author":"M Araj-Khodaei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Araj-Khodaei M, Noorbala AA, Yarani R, Emadi F, Emaratkar E, Faghihzadeh S, et al. A double-blind, randomized pilot study for comparison of Melissa officinalis L. And Lavandula angustifolia Mill. And Fluoxetine for the treatment of depression. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20:207.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"3759_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3437","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100550X","volume":"53","author":"R Bai\u00e3o","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bai\u00e3o R, Capit\u00e3o LP, Higgins C, Browning M, Harmer CJ, Burnet PWJ. Multispecies probiotic administration reduces emotional salience and improves mood in subjects with moderate depression: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Psychol Med. 2023;53:3437\u201347.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3759_CR116","first-page":"135","volume":"19","author":"C Basoglu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Basoglu C, Ates MA, Algul A, Ipcioglu OM, Gecici O, Yilmaz O, et al. Adjuvant folate with escitalopram treatment and homocystein, folate, vitamin B-12 levels in patients with major depressive disorder. Klinik Psikofarmakol Bulteni-bulletin Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;19:135\u2013142.","journal-title":"Klinik Psikofarmakol Bulteni-bulletin Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02850017","volume":"19","author":"K Behnke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Behnke K, Jensen GS, Graubaum HJ, Gruenwald J. Hypericum perforatum versus fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Adv Ther. 2002;19:43\u201352.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"3759_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e31828ef969","volume":"36","author":"J Bergman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bergman J, Miodownik C, Bersudsky Y, Sokolik S, Lerner PP, Kreinin A, et al. Curcumin as an add-on to antidepressive treatment: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2013;36:73\u201377.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08454","volume":"75","author":"M Berk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berk M, Dean OM, Cotton SM, Jeavons S, Tanious M, Kohlmann K, et al. The efficacy of adjunctive N-acetylcysteine in major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75:628\u201336.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.03.012","volume":"85","author":"JP Chang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang JP, Chang SS, Yang HT, Chen HT, Chien YC, Yang B, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiovascular diseases comorbid major depressive disorder - results from a randomized controlled trial. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;85:14\u201320.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"3759_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00153-1","volume":"60","author":"A Coppen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Coppen A, Bailey J. Enhancement of the antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2000;60:121\u201330.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480701643290","volume":"61","author":"V Darbinyan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Darbinyan V, Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, Malmstr\u00f6m C, Panossian A. Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Nordic J Psychiatry. 2007;61:343\u20138.","journal-title":"Nordic J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson JRT, Abraham K, Connor KM, McLeod MN. Effectiveness of chromium in atypical depression: a placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:261\u20134.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01500-7"},{"key":"3759_CR124","first-page":"140","volume":"21","author":"G Djokic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Djokic G, Korcok D, Djordjevic V, Agic A, Rankovic A, Djukic D. The effects of s-adenosyl-L-methionine-vitamin b complex on mild and moderate depressive symptoms. Hippokratia. 2017;21:140\u20133.","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"3759_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/00131746-200509000-00004","volume":"11","author":"JP Docherty","year":"2005","unstructured":"Docherty JP, Sack DA, Roffman M, Finch M, Komorowski JR. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, exploratory trial of chromium picolinate in atypical depression: effect on carbohydrate craving. J Psychiatr Pract. 2005;11:302\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00131746-200509000-00004.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"3759_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dormal V, Suchareau M, Copine S, Simar L, Deldicque L. The effects of combined scutellaria and saffron supplementation on mood regulation in participants with mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Study. Nutrients. 2025;17:809.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050809"},{"key":"3759_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587214557359","volume":"20","author":"A Firoozabadi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Firoozabadi A, Zarshenas MM, Salehi A, Jahanbin S, Mohagheghzadeh A. Effectiveness of Cuscuta planiflora Ten. and Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Buhse in major depression: a triple-blind randomized controlled trial study. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;20:94\u201397.","journal-title":"J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med"},{"key":"3759_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.06.002","volume":"18","author":"TS Firoozeei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Firoozeei TS, Barekatain M, Karimi M, Zargaran A, Akhondzadeh S, Rezaeizadeh H. Lavender and dodder combined herbal syrup versus citalopram in major depressive disorder with anxious distress: a double-blind randomized trial. J Integr Med. 2020;18:409\u201315.","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"3759_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-15459","volume":"34","author":"M Friede","year":"2001","unstructured":"Friede M, Henneicke von Zepelin HH, Freudenstein J. Differential therapy of mild to moderate depressive episodes (ICD-10 F 32.0; F 32.1) with St. John\u2019s wort. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34(SUPPL. 1):S38\u2013S41.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.065","volume":"265","author":"L Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao L, Wu C, Liao Y, Wang J. Antidepressants effects of Rhodiola capsule combined with sertraline for major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Affect Disord. 2020;265:99\u2013103.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aimed.2019.12.002","volume":"7","author":"S Ghaffari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghaffari S, Ghobadi A, Jamshidi AH, Mortazavi SH, Naderi S, Aqamolaei A, et al. Cinnamomum tamala as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with placebo control. Adv Integr Med. 2020;7:141\u20137.","journal-title":"Adv Integr Med"},{"key":"3759_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-016-0685-6","volume":"266","author":"A Ghaleiha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghaleiha A, Davari H, Jahangard L, Haghighi M, Ahmadpanah M, Seifrabie MA, et al. Adjuvant thiamine improved standard treatment in patients with major depressive disorder: results from a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;266:695\u2013702.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3759_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5812\/archneurosci.60507","volume":"5","author":"Z Ghorbani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghorbani Z, Nazari S, Etesam F, Nourimajd S, Ahmadpanah M, Jahromi SR. The effect of synbiotic as an adjuvant therapy to fluoxetine in moderate depression: a randomized multicenter trial. Arch Neurosci. 2018;5:e60507.","journal-title":"Arch Neurosci"},{"key":"3759_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.06.004","volume":"31","author":"BF Grenyer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grenyer BF, Crowe T, Meyer B, Owen AJ, Grigonis-Deane EM, Caputi P, et al. Fish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31:1393\u201396.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1142\/S2575900019500113","volume":"2","author":"A Gul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gul A, Memtily N, Mijit P, Imin M, Rui H, Wushuer P, et al. The \u00dcstikuddus sherbiti in the treatment of abnormal cold and dry-type depression patients with comorbid anxiety: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Traditional Med Mod Med. 2019;2:127\u201333.","journal-title":"Traditional Med Mod Med"},{"key":"3759_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2012.08.007","volume":"4","author":"CH Han","year":"2012","unstructured":"Han CH, Chung MI, Bose S, Lim C, Kim H, Koo BS, et al. The effect of Gami Guibitang (GGBT), a medicinal herbal formulation, on moderate depression. Eur J Integr Med. 2012;4:e400\u2013e407.","journal-title":"Eur J Integr Med"},{"key":"3759_CR137","first-page":"289","volume":"49","author":"G Harrer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Harrer G, Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Biller A. Comparison of equivalence between the St. John\u2019s wort extract LoHyp-57 and fluoxetine. Arzneimittel-Forschung\/Drug Res. 1999;49:289\u201396.","journal-title":"Arzneimittel-Forschung\/Drug Res"},{"key":"3759_CR138","volume":"126","author":"X He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He X, Liu D, Ni S, Li Z, Li S, Wu T, et al. Efficacy and safety evaluation of Ginkgo biloba dropping pill (GBDP) on stable angina pectoris complicated with depression: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Phytomedicine. 2024;126:155264.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"3759_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8304","volume":"38","author":"H Hosseini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hosseini H, Bagherniya M, Sahebkar A, Iraj B, Majeed M, Askari G. The effect of curcumin-piperine supplementation on lipid profile, glycemic index, inflammation, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia. Phytotherapy Res. 2024;38:5150\u201361.","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Res"},{"key":"3759_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153467","volume":"83","author":"Y Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu Y, Chen C, Wang Y, Yang W, Wang Y, Zhu W, et al. The effects of KaiXinSan on depression and its association with lipid profiles: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2021;83:153467.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"3759_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(03)00169-1","volume":"81","author":"AM Hvas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hvas AM, Juul S, Lauritzen L, Nex\u00f8 E, Ellegaard J. No effect of vitamin B-12 treatment on cognitive function and depression: a randomized placebo controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2004;81:269\u201373.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0711-9","volume":"257","author":"R Ille","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ille R, Spona J, Zickl M, Hofmann P, Lahousen T, Dittrich N, et al. \u201cAdd-On\u201d-therapy with an individualized preparation consisting of free amino acids for patients with a major depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;257:222\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3759_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.09.016","volume":"107","author":"L Jahangard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jahangard L, Sadeghi A, Ahmadpanah M, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Sadeghi Bahmani D, Haghighi M, et al. Influence of adjuvant omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids on depression, sleep, and emotion regulation among outpatients with major depressive disorders - results from a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;107:48\u201356.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3759_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-14280","volume":"34","author":"R Kalb","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kalb R, Trautmann-Sponsel RD, Kieser M. Efficacy and tolerability of Hypericum extract WS 5572 versus placebo in mildly to moderately depressed patients: a randomized double-blind multicenter clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34:96\u2013103.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-017-9860-4","volume":"33","author":"B Kanchanatawan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kanchanatawan B, Tangwongchai S, Sughondhabhirom A, Suppapitiporn S, Hemrunrojn S, Carvalho AF, et al. Add-on treatment with curcumin has antidepressive effects in thai patients with major depression: results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Neurotox Res. 2018;33:621\u201333.","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"3759_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4655-2","volume":"297","author":"L Kashani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kashani L, Esalatmanesh S, Eftekhari F, Salimi S, Foroughifar T, Etesam F, et al. Efficacy of Crocus sativus (saffron) in treatment of major depressive disorder associated with post-menopausal hot flashes: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2018;297:717\u201324.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"3759_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-4-14","volume":"4","author":"S Kasper","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kasper S, Anghelescu IG, Szegedi A, Dienel A, Kieser M. Superior efficacy of St John\u2019s wort extract WS 5570 compared to placebo in patients with major depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial. BMC Med. 2006;4:14.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3759_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-007-0441-7","volume":"157","author":"S Kasper","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kasper S, Anghelescu IG, Szegedi A, Dienel A, Kieser M. Placebo controlled continuation treatment with Hypericum extract WS\u00ae 5570 after recovery from a mild or moderate depressive episode. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2007;157:362\u20136.","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"3759_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.07.024","volume":"25","author":"S Kasper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kasper S, Anghelescu I, Dienel A. Efficacy of orally administered Silexan in patients with anxiety-related restlessness and disturbed sleep-A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25:1960\u201367.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-024-01783-2","volume":"275","author":"S Kasper","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kasper S, Volz HP, M\u00f6ller HJ, Schl\u00e4fke S, Klement S, Anghelescu IG, et al. Lavender oil preparation Silexan is effective in mild-to-moderate major depression: a randomized, placebo- and reference-controlled trial. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2025;275:1693\u2013703.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"3759_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04305-3","volume":"22","author":"M Kaviani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaviani M, Nikooyeh B, Etesam F, Behnagh SJ, Kangarani HM, Arefi M, et al. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on depression and some selected pro-inflammatory biomarkers: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:694.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867412465022","volume":"47","author":"N Khoraminya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khoraminya N, Tehrani-Doost M, Jazayeri S, Hosseini A, Djazayery A. Therapeutic effects of vitamin D as adjunctive therapy to fluoxetine in patients with major depressive disorder. Australian N ZealJ Psychiatry. 2013;47:271\u20135.","journal-title":"Australian N ZealJ Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2016.03.016","volume":"26","author":"S Kolouri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kolouri S, Firoozabadi A, Salehi A, Zarshenas MM, Dastgheib SA, Heydari M, et al. Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Buhse freeze-dried aqueous extract versus sertraline in the treatment of major depression: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2016;26:164\u201370.","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"3759_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12080770","volume":"12","author":"K Kreuzer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kreuzer K, Reiter A, Birkl-T\u00f6glhofer AM, Dalkner N, M\u00f6rkl S, Mairinger M, et al. The PROVIT study\u2014effects of multispecies probiotic add-on treatment on metabolomics in major depressive disorder\u2014a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Metabolites. 2022;12:770.","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"3759_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.07.014","volume":"314","author":"PNS Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar PNS, Menon V, Andrade C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week trial of vitamin D augmentation in major depressive disorder associated with vitamin D deficiency. J Affect Disord. 2022;314:143\u20139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"SUPPL. 1","key":"3759_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979346","volume":"31","author":"G Laakmann","year":"1998","unstructured":"Laakmann G. St. John\u2019s Wort in mild to moderate depression: the relevance of hyperforin for the clinical efficacy. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1998;31(SUPPL. 1):54\u201359.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1361","volume":"159","author":"Y Lecrubier","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lecrubier Y, Clerc G, Didi R, Kieser M. Efficacy of St. John\u2019s wort extract WS 5570 in major depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1361\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.5.792","volume":"152","author":"J Levine","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levine J, Barak Y, Gonzalves M, Szor H, Elizur A, Kofman O, et al. Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:792\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR159","first-page":"14","volume":"32","author":"J Levine","year":"1995","unstructured":"Levine J, Barak Y, Kofman O, Belmaker RH. Follow-up and relapse analysis of an inositol study of depression. Isr J psychiatry Relat Sci. 1995;32:14\u201321.","journal-title":"Isr J psychiatry Relat Sci"},{"key":"3759_CR160","volume":"101","author":"SKK Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin SKK, Kuo PH, Hsu CY, Chiu YH, Chen CH. The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 in patients with major depressive disorder: an eight-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Asian J Psychiatry. 2024;101:104210.","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac006","volume":"25","author":"CH Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin CH, Wang SH, Lane HY. Effects of sodium benzoate, a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, on perceived stress and cognitive function among patients with late-life depression: a randomized, double-blind, sertraline- and placebo-controlled trial. Int J Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;25:545\u201355.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"3759_CR162","first-page":"70","volume":"26","author":"H L\u00f4o","year":"2000","unstructured":"L\u00f4o H, Poirier MF, Ollat H, Elatki S. Effects of sulbutiamine (Arcalion 200) on psycho-behavioral inhibition in major depressive episodes. Encephale. 2000;26:70\u201375.","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"3759_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.06.001","volume":"167","author":"AL Lopresti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lopresti AL, Maes M, Maker GL, Hood SD, Drummond PD. Curcumin for the treatment of major depression: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Affect Disord. 2014;167:368\u201375.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010009","volume":"169","author":"IK Lyoo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lyoo IK, Yoon S, Kim TS, Hwang J, Kim JE, Won W, et al. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral creatine monohydrate augmentation for enhanced response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in women with major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:937\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001845","volume":"44","author":"M Majmasanaye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Majmasanaye M, Mehrpooya M, Amiri H, Eshraghi A. Discovering the potential value of coenzyme Q10 as an adjuvant treatment in patients with depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2024;44:232\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.01.010","volume":"22","author":"JJ Mao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mao JJ, Xie SX, Zee J, Soeller I, Li QS, Rockwell K, et al. Rhodiola rosea versus sertraline for major depressive disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2015;22:394\u20139.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"3759_CR167","first-page":"QC01","volume":"10","author":"SZ Masoumi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Masoumi SZ, Kazemi F, Tavakolian S, Rahimi A, Oshvandi K, Soltanian A, et al. Effect of citalopram in combination with omega-3 on depression in post-menopausal women: a triple blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2016;10:QC01\u2013QC05.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagnostic Res"},{"key":"3759_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15m10166","volume":"77","author":"AW Mech","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mech AW, Farah A. Correlation of clinical response with homocysteine reduction during therapy with reduced b vitamins in patients with mdd who are positive for MTHFR C677T or A1298C polymorphism: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77:668\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e32835ff20f","volume":"28","author":"B Nemets","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nemets B, Levine J. A pilot dose-finding clinical trial of creatine monohydrate augmentation to SSRIs\/SNRIs\/NASA antidepressant treatment in major depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;28:127\u201333.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03551-z","volume":"20","author":"H Ning","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ning H, Zhou H, Ren J, Zhou G, Yang N, Wang Z, et al. Zishen pingchan granules combined with pramipexole in the improvement of depressive symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study. J Transl Med. 2022;20:357.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"3759_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1211\/002235703322277186","volume":"55","author":"G Nowak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nowak G, Siwek M, Dudek D, Zieba A, Pilc A. Effect of zinc supplementation on antidepressant therapy in unipolar depression: a preliminary placebo-controlled study. Pol J Pharmacology. 2003;55:1143\u20137.","journal-title":"Pol J Pharmacology"},{"key":"3759_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.08.026","volume":"178","author":"M Padhan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Padhan M, Mohapatra D, Mishra BR, Maiti R, Jena M. Efficacy and safety of add-on sarcosine in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2024;178:298\u2013304.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3759_CR173","unstructured":"Palhano-Fontes F, et al. Antidepressant effects of Ayahuasca: a randomized placebo controlled trial in treatment resistant depression. ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT02914769 (2016). https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02914769?term=ayahuasca&viewType=Table&rank=8"},{"key":"3759_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2015.06.010","volume":"23","author":"Y Panahi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panahi Y, Badeli R, Karami GR, Badeli Z, Sahebkar A. A randomized controlled trial of 6-week Chlorella vulgaris supplementation in patients with major depressive disorder. Complement Ther Med. 2015;23:598\u2013602.","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"3759_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11071114","volume":"169","author":"GI Papakostas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Papakostas GI, Shelton RC, Zajecka JM, Etemad B, Rickels K, Clain A, et al. L-methylfolate as adjunctive therapy for SSRI-resistant major depression: results of two randomized, double-blind, parallel-sequential trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:1267\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000377640","volume":"66","author":"Y Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park Y, Park YS, Kim SH, Oh DH, Park YC. Supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, 12-week, placebo-controlled trial in Korea. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66:141\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"3759_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.25259\/GJMPBU_16_2022","volume":"17","author":"A Ramezani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramezani A, Kheirkhah F, Zabihi E, Shirafkan H, Moudi S. Effectiveness of L-carnitine supplementation to sertraline for treatment of major depressive disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Glob J Med Pharm Biomed Update. 2022;17:10.","journal-title":"Glob J Med Pharm Biomed Update"},{"key":"3759_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830513Y.0000000066","volume":"17","author":"E Ranjbar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ranjbar E, Shams J, Sabetkasaei M, M-Shirazi M, Rashidkhani B, Mostafavi A, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on efficacy of antidepressant therapy, inflammatory cytokines, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with major depression. Nutritional Neurosci. 2014;17:65\u201371.","journal-title":"Nutritional Neurosci"},{"key":"3759_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.10.010","volume":"100","author":"L Rudzki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rudzki L, Ostrowska L, Pawlak D, Ma\u0142us A, Pawlak K, Waszkiewicz N, et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantarum 299\u2009v decreases kynurenine concentration and improves cognitive functions in patients with major depression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;100:213\u201322.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3759_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081014","volume":"10","author":"B Ryszewska-Pokra\u015bniewicz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryszewska-Pokra\u015bniewicz B, Mach A, Skalski M, Januszko P, Wawrzyniak ZM, Poleszak E, et al. Effects of magnesium supplementation on unipolar depression: a placebo-controlled study and review of the importance of dosing and magnesium status in the therapeutic response. Nutrients. 2018;10:1014.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"3759_CR181","first-page":"328","volume":"13","author":"A Sadeghi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sadeghi A, Ghorayshi F, Baghshahi H, Akbari H, Memarzadeh MR, Taghizadeh M, et al. The antidepressant effect of combined extracts of Hypericum perforatum and Echium amoenum supplementation in patients with depression symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomedicine. 2023;13:328\u201337.","journal-title":"Avicenna J Phytomedicine"},{"key":"3759_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0609-1","volume":"16","author":"A Sahraian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sahraian A, Ghanizadeh A, Kazemeini F. Vitamin C as an adjuvant for treating major depressive disorder and suicidal behavior, a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Trials. 2015;16:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-015-0609-1.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"3759_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sahraian A, Jelodar S, Javid Z, Mowla A, Ahmadzadeh L. Study the effects of saffron on depression and lipid profiles: a double blind comparative study. Asian J Psychiatr. 2016;22:174\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2015.10.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2015.10.012"},{"key":"3759_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5025","volume":"28","author":"J Sanmukhani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanmukhani J, Satodia V, Trivedi J, Patel T, Tiwari D, Panchal B, et al. Efficacy and safety of curcumin in major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2014;28:579\u201385.","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"3759_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.092","volume":"245","author":"J Sarris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sarris J, Byrne GJ, Stough C, Bousman C, Mischoulon D, Murphy J, et al. Nutraceuticals for major depressive disorder- more is not merrier: an 8-week double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:1007\u201315.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1306348","volume":"45","author":"J Sarris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sarris J, Fava M, Schweitzer I, Mischoulon D. St Johns Wort (Hypericum perforatum) versus sertraline and placebo in major depressive disorder: continuation data from a 26-week RCT. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2012;45:275\u20138.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200015020-00001","volume":"15","author":"E Schrader","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schrader E. Equivalence of St John\u2019s wort extract (Ze 117) and fluoxetine: a randomized, controlled study in mild-moderate depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;15:61\u201368.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1077(199804)13:3<163::AID-HUP5>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"13","author":"E Schrader","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schrader E, Meier B, Brattstr\u00f6m A. Hypericum treatment of mild-moderate depression in a placebo-controlled study. a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Hum Psychopharmacol. 1998;13:163\u20139.","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119504","volume":"387","author":"L Sempach","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sempach L, Schaub A-C, Br\u00fchl AB, Sterzer P, Lang UE, Schmidt A. Adjunctive d-serine treatment for major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. J Affect Disord. 2025;387:119504.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.218883","volume":"146","author":"Z Sepehrmanesh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sepehrmanesh Z, Kolahdooz F, Abedi F, Mazroii N, Assarian A, Asemi Z, et al. Vitamin D supplementation affects the beck depression inventory, insulin resistance, and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Nutr. 2016;146:243\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/jn.115.218883.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"3759_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sepehrmanesh Z, Omidi A, Gholampoor N. Acid folic supplementation in major depressive disorder treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2017;19. Published online August 4, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ircmj.33243.","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.33243"},{"key":"3759_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2023.100430","volume":"3","author":"A Shafiee-Kandjani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shafiee-Kandjani A, Khalili M, Malek A, Farhang S, Ranjbari Y, Khalili Y. The therapeutic effect of the extracts of Lavandula angustifolia and Dracocephalum ruyschiana besides sertraline on patients with mild to moderate depression: a double-blind controlled trial. Phytomedicine Plus. 2023;3:100430.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Plus"},{"key":"3759_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59091663","volume":"59","author":"N Shahmoradi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shahmoradi N, Davarinejad O, Br\u00fchl AB, Brand S. Effects of aphrodite (an herbal Compound) on SSRI-induced sexual dysfunctions and depression in females with major depressive disorder: findings from a randomized clinical trial. Medicina. 2023;59:1663.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"3759_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06458-9","volume":"240","author":"A Shamabadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shamabadi A, Fattollahzadeh-Noor S, Fallahpour B, Basti FA, Khodaei Ardakani MR, Akhondzadeh S. L-Theanine adjunct to risperidone in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia inpatients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Psychopharmacology. 2023;240:2631\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"3759_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4668","volume":"32","author":"P Sharifan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharifan P, Hosseini MS, Sharifan A. The interventional relationship between frequent fish consumption and depression symptoms in aging adults: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2017;32:e116\u2013e122.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.15.1978","volume":"285","author":"RC Shelton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shelton RC, Keller MB, Gelenberg A, Dunner DL, Hirschfeld R, Thase ME, et al. Effectiveness of St John\u2019s wort in major depression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1978\u201386.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3759_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.04.024","volume":"126","author":"M Siwek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Siwek M, Dudek D, Schlegel-Zawadzka M, Morawska A, Piekoszewski W, Opoka W, et al. Serum zinc level in depressed patients during zinc supplementation of imipramine treatment. J Affect Disord. 2010;126:447\u201352.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3759_CR198","first-page":"25","volume":"18","author":"S Sultana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sultana S, Rahman MS. Effect of magnesium supplementation in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treated major depressive disorder patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. EC Nutr. 2023;18:25\u201334.","journal-title":"EC Nutr"},{"key":"3759_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38356.655266.82","volume":"330","author":"A Szegedi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Szegedi A, Kohnen R, Dienel A, Kieser M. Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John\u2019s wort): randomised controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine. Br Med J. 2005;330:503\u20136.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"3759_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000553","volume":"46","author":"A Talaei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Talaei A, Noori R, Rezaei Ardani A, Mohammadpour AH, Azimipoor Z, Afzaljavan F. The effect of adding curcumin to sertraline in the treatment of severe major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2023;46:135\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.01.059","volume":"148","author":"S Tarutani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarutani S, Omori M, Ido Y, Yano M, Komatsu T, Okamura T. Effects of 4G-beta-D-Galactosylsucrose in patients with depression: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparative study. J Psychiatr Res. 2022;148:110\u201320.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3759_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1630985","volume":"24","author":"E Vaghef-Mehrabany","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Ranjbar F, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Hosseinpour-Arjmand S, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. Calorie restriction in combination with prebiotic supplementation in obese women with depression: effects on metabolic and clinical response. Nutritional Neurosci. 2021;24:339\u201353.","journal-title":"Nutritional Neurosci"},{"key":"3759_CR203","first-page":"905","volume":"48","author":"G van Gurp","year":"2002","unstructured":"van Gurp G, Meterissian GB, Haiek LN, McCusker J, Bellavance F. St John\u2019s wort or sertraline? Randomized controlled trial in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:905\u201312.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"3759_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7380","volume":"36","author":"V Varzaghani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varzaghani V, Sharifi M, Hajiaghaee R, Bagheri S, Momtaz S, Tarassoli Z, et al. Propolis add-on therapy alleviates depressive symptoms; a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Res. 2022;36:1258\u201367.","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Res"},{"key":"3759_CR205","first-page":"S47","volume":"58","author":"DK Verma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verma DK, Das B. Effect of zinc supplementation on antidepressant therapy and serum zinc level in unipolar depression: a randomized double blind controlled study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2016;58:S47.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3759_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu Y, Lian Y, Li N, Liu H, Li G. Efficacy of high-dose supplementation with oral vitamin D3 on depressive symptoms in dialysis patients with vitamin D3 insufficiency: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;36:229\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000486.","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000486"},{"key":"3759_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7260.536","volume":"321","author":"H Woelk","year":"2000","unstructured":"Woelk H. Comparison of St John\u2019s wort and imipramine for treating depression: randomised controlled trial. Br Med J. 2000;321:536\u20139.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"3759_CR208","first-page":"2013","volume":"11","author":"R Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu R, Zhu D, Xia Y, Wang H, Tao W, Xue W, et al. A role of Yueju in fast-onset antidepressant action on major depressive disorder and serum BDNF expression: a randomly double-blind, fluoxetine-adjunct, placebo-controlled, pilot clinical study. Neuropsychiatric Dis Treat. 2015;11:2013\u201321.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Dis Treat"},{"key":"3759_CR209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000352","volume":"35","author":"JJ Yu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu JJ, Pei LB, Zhang Y, Wen ZY, Yang JL. Chronic supplementation of curcumin enhances the efficacy of antidepressants in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35:406\u201310.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"3759_CR210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S183039","volume":"14","author":"L Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang L, Wang S, Zhu Y, Yang T. Vitamin D3 as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of depression in tuberculosis patients: a short-term pilot randomized double-blind controlled study. Neuropsychiatric Dis Treat. 2018;14:3103\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Dis Treat"}],"container-title":["Molecular Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03759-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03759-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03759-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:04:35Z","timestamp":1793833475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41380-026-03759-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":210,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-026-03759-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-4184","1476-5578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-4184","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-5578","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"MS\n has received honoraria and\/or been a consultant for AbbVie, Angelini, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pharmascience, Lundbeck, Otsuka, and Teva.\n CC\n has been a consultant and\/or advisor to or has received honoraria from: AbbVie, Alkermes, Allergan, Angelini, Aristo, Autobahn, Aytu, Axsome, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Brandaris, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Cardio Diagnostics, Casasco, Cerevel, CNX Therapeutics, Cogstate, Compass Pathways, Darnitsa, Delpor, Denovo, Draig, Eli Lilly, Eumentis Therapeutics, Gedeon Richter, GH Research, Hetero, Hikma, Holmusk, IntraCellular Therapies, Jamjoom Pharma, Janssen\/J&J, Karuna, LB Pharma, Lundbeck, Mapi, Maplight, MedInCell, MedLink Global, Merck, Mindpax, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharmaceuticals, Mylan, Neumora Therapeutics, Neuraxpharm, Neurocrine, Neurelis, Neurosterix, NeuShen, Neusignal Therapeutics, Newron, Noven, Novo Nordisk, Orion Pharma, Om, Oruka, Otsuka, Phrenix, PPD Biotech, qCell, Recognify Life Science, Recordati, Relmada, Response Pharmaeutical, Reviva, Roemmers, Rovi, Saladax, Sanofi, Seqirus, Serina, Servier, Sumitomo Pharma America, Sunovion, Sun Pharma, Supernus, Syremis, Tabuk, Takeda, Teva, Terran, Tolmar, Vertex, Viatris and Xenon Pharmaceuticals. He provided expert testimony for Janssen, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, and Otsuka. He served on a Data Safety Monitoring Board for Compass Pathways, IntraCellular Therapies, Relmada, Reviva, Rovi. He has received grant support from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Janssen and Takeda. He received royalties from UpToDate and is also a stock option or stock holder of Cardio Diagnostics, Kuleon Biosciences, LB Pharmaceuticals, MedLink Global, Mindpax, Quantic, Terran.\n DM\n has received research support from Nordic Naturals and Heckel Medizintechnik GmbH. He has received honoraria for speaking from the Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy. He also works with the MGH Clinical Trials Network and Institute (CTNI), which has received research funding from multiple pharmaceutical companies and NIMH.\n Other authors\n have no disclosures in connection with the present report.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}