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No funding or any involvement from these entities was used to support Dr. Pizzagalli\u2019s activities, and all views expressed are solely those of the authors. In the past 3 years, Dr. Treadway has served as a paid consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim. Additionally, Dr. Treadway is a co-inventor of the Effort-expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT), which was used in this study. Emory University and Vanderbilt University have licensed this software to industry partners. Under the IP Policies of both universities, Dr. Treadway has received licensing fees and royalties The terms of these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Emory University in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. No funding from these entities was used to support the current work, and all views expressed are solely those of the authors. Over the past 3 years, Dr. Kangas has received sponsored research agreements with BlackThorn Therapeutics, Compass Pathways, Delix Therapeutics, Engrail Therapeutics, Neurocrine Biosciences, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Michael R Bruchas is a co-founder and SAB member of Neurolux, Inc, and BioSyft, LLC, none of the technology or work described here is related to those efforts. All other authors have no disclosures. BlackThorn Therapeutics, which was later acquired by Neumora Therapeutics, provided the drug used for Study 2 (BTRX-246040) and independently performed the parent Phase 2 study, which yielded the EEfRT data used in Study 3. Neumora Therapeutics stopped their NOPR program on February 9, 2019. Drs. Pizzagalli\u2019s and Kangas\u2019 interests were reviewed and are managed by McLean Hospital and Mass General Brigham in accordance with their conflict of interest policies.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Study 1 and 2 followed institutional and national guidelines for animal care. Study 1\u2019s and Study 2\u2019s procedures were approved by the New York State Psychiatric Institute (institutional animal welfare assurance number: NYSPI- A4148-01) and McLean Hospital (institutional animal welfare assurance number: D16-00404), respectively, Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) Committee. Study 3 was conducted under an active US Investigational New Drug (IND) application, and in accordance with: (1) consensus ethics principles derived from international ethics guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) International Ethical Guidelines; (2) the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) Good Clinical Practice (GCP) Guideline; and (3) applicable laws and regulations. The study protocol and consent form were approved by a central IRB, Advarra (formerly known as Quorum Review IRB; Advarra\u2019s Federalwide Assurance number: 00023875; Protocol #:\u00a032500). The protocol and ICFs were compliant with the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guideline on good clinical practice (GCP). Documentation of IRB approval of the protocol and the informed consent form was provided to the Sponsor before the study began at the investigative sites. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and patient anonymity and data confidentiality were strictly maintained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics declaration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}