{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:19:43Z","timestamp":1790662783762,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["mucosalimmunology.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mucosal Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T04:03:05Z","timestamp":1651550585000},"page":"584-594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Dealing with a mucosal viral pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Violette","family":"Mouro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib1","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/ (accessed 21 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib2","unstructured":"BIO Covid-19 Therapeutic Development Tracker Public. Tableau Public. https:\/\/public.tableau.com\/app\/profile\/chad.wessel\/viz\/BIOCovid-19TherapeuticDevelopmentTrackerPublic_16395826570090\/BIOCOVID-19TherapeuticDevelopmentTracker (accessed 23 Mar 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib3","unstructured":"COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines (accessed 21 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2571-7","article-title":"Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike","volume":"584","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3871","article-title":"Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans","volume":"370","author":"Mateus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660198","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660198","article-title":"Enhancing the prefusion conformational stability of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein through structure-guided design","volume":"12","author":"Riley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-02796-w","article-title":"China's COVID vaccines have been crucial - now immunity is waning","volume":"598","author":"Mallapaty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polack FP. et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577 (2020).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00432-3","article-title":"Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00234-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia","volume":"397","author":"Logunov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.8565","article-title":"Effect of 2 inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on symptomatic COVID-19 infection in adults: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"326","author":"Al Kaabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01429-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey","volume":"398","author":"Tanriover","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01230-y","article-title":"Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101765","article-title":"BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting","volume":"384","author":"Dagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7013e3","volume":"70","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110737","article-title":"Myocarditis after Covid-19 vaccination in a large health care organization","volume":"385","author":"Witberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109730","article-title":"Myocarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against Covid-19 in Israel","volume":"385","author":"Mevorach","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glampson, B. et al. North West London Covid-19 vaccination programme: real-world evidence for vaccine uptake and effectiveness. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.04.08.21254580 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.04.08.21254580"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1126\/science.371.6536.1294","article-title":"New problems erode confidence in AstraZeneca's vaccine","volume":"371","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104840","article-title":"Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Greinacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100249","article-title":"Effectiveness of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and mRNA prime-boost vaccination against symptomatic Covid-19 infection in Sweden: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Nordstr\u00f6m","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, T. et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a heterologous COVID-19 prime-boost vaccination compared with homologous vaccine regimens. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.13.21258859 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.13.21258859"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00357-X","article-title":"Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunisation with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2: a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Hillus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals","volume":"584","author":"Robbiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611337","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.611337","article-title":"Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: a neglected but critical aspect of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf4063","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4063","article-title":"Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection","volume":"371","author":"Dan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w","article-title":"Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"591","author":"Gaebler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.050","article-title":"Maturation and persistence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 memory B cell response","volume":"184","author":"Sokal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017","article-title":"Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Sekine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.01.007","article-title":"Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Sette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01028-7","article-title":"Distinct systemic and mucosal immune responses during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.08.008","article-title":"Mucosal immunity to SARS-CoV-2: a clinically relevant key to deciphering natural and vaccine-induced defences","volume":"27","author":"Matuchansky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.02.056","article-title":"Intestinal host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"160","author":"Livanos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01979","article-title":"Innate immune responses to highly pathogenic coronaviruses and other significant respiratory viral infections","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed-Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00592-0","article-title":"Type I and III interferon responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.08.016","article-title":"The interferon landscape along the respiratory tract impacts the severity of COVID-19","volume":"184","author":"Sposito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00578-z","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans","volume":"21","author":"Sadarangani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.106","article-title":"Beyond binding: antibody effector functions in infectious diseases","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01540-1","article-title":"Correlates of protection against symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028436","article-title":"Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults","volume":"383","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03841-4","article-title":"Rapid and stable mobilization of CD8 + T cells by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"597","author":"Oberhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi6950","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi6950","article-title":"Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 na\u00efve and recovered individuals following mRNA vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Goel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0143-6","article-title":"The human antibody response to influenza A virus infection and vaccination","volume":"19","author":"Krammer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1377376","article-title":"Immune responses after live attenuated influenza vaccination","volume":"14","author":"Mohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haidar, G. et al. Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised patients: an observational, prospective cohort study interim analysis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.06.28.21259576 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.28.21259576"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barouch, DH. et al. Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Following Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination for COVID-19. Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.07.05.21259918 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.05.21259918"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2032195","article-title":"Durability of responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Widge","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w","article-title":"The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02183-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"398","author":"Tartof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, Y. et al. Waning Immunity after the BNT162b2 Vaccine in Israel. N. Engl. J. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2114228 (2021).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114228"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0620","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection and deaths among US veterans during 2021","volume":"375","author":"Cohn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg, ES. et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness by Product and Timing in New York State. Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.10.08.21264595 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.08.21264595"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrews, N. et al. Vaccine effectiveness and duration of protection of Comirnaty, Vaxzevria and Spikevax against mild and severe COVID-19 in the UK. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.09.15.21263583 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.15.21263583"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01527-y","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variant mRNA vaccine boosters in healthy adults: an interim analysis","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bar-On, YM. et al. Protection Across Age Groups of BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster against Covid-19. Epidemiology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.10.07.21264626 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.07.21264626"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02249-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study","volume":"398","author":"Barda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.07.017","article-title":"Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons, and prospects","volume":"54","author":"Bok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131321","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01313-21","article-title":"Serum neutralizing activity of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"95","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Comparison of outcomes from COVID infection in pediatric and adult patients before and after the emergence of Omicron. MedRxiv Prepr Serv Health Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.30.21268495 (2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.30.21268495"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c01451","article-title":"Omicron variant (B.1.1.529): infectivity, vaccine breakthrough, and antibody resistance","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilhelm, A. et al. Reduced Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant by Vaccine Sera and Monoclonal Antibodies. Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.07.21267432 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.07.21267432"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2119236","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant neutralization in serum from vaccinated and convalescent persons","volume":"386","author":"R\u00f6ssler","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, HF. et al. Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 omicron and delta variants. Nat. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01753-y (2022).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01753-y"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04389-z","article-title":"Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 omicron to antibody neutralization","volume":"602","author":"Planas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04388-0","article-title":"Striking antibody evasion manifested by the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"602","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04387-1","article-title":"Omicron extensively but incompletely escapes Pfizer BNT162b2 neutralization","volume":"602","author":"Cele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib71","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency. SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern and Variants under Investigation in England Technical Briefing: Update on Hospitalisation and Vaccine Effectiveness for Omicron VOC-21NOV-01 (B.1.1.529). https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1045619\/Technical-Briefing-31-Dec-2021-Omicron_severity_update.pdf (2021) (accessed 26 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray, GE. et al. Vaccine Effectiveness against Hospital Admission in South African Health Care Workers Who Received a Homologous Booster of Ad26.COV2 during an Omicron COVID19 Wave: Preliminary Results of the Sisonke 2 Study. Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.28.21268436 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.28.21268436"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muecksch, F. et al. Increased potency and breadth of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies after a third mRNA vaccine dose. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.02.14.480394 (2022).","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.02.14.480394"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib74","unstructured":"ModernaTX, Inc. A Phase 2\/3, Randomized, Observer-Blind, Active-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of MRNA-1273.529 (B.1.1.529, Omicron Variant) in Comparison With MRNA-1273 (Prototype) Booster Vaccine. clinicaltrials.gov. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05249829 (2022) (accessed March 16, 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/d41587-021-00025-3","article-title":"T-cell vaccines could top up immunity to COVID, as variants loom large","volume":"40","author":"Dolgin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-020-00204-y","article-title":"Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases","volume":"28","author":"Bloom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9101187","article-title":"Self-replicating RNA viruses for vaccine development against infectious diseases and cancer","volume":"9","author":"Lundstrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.11.017","article-title":"Self-amplifying RNA vaccines give equivalent protection against influenza to mRNA vaccines but at much lower doses","volume":"26","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corth\u00e9sy, B. Multi-faceted functions of secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces. Front. Immunol. 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00185 (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00185"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3109\/08820131003622635","article-title":"Secretory IgA: arresting microbial pathogens at epithelial borders","volume":"39","author":"Mantis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800048019","article-title":"The time course of the immune response to experimental coronavirus infection of man","volume":"105","author":"Callow","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050524","article-title":"Delivery routes for COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00434-6","article-title":"Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies","volume":"20","author":"Jeyanathan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl9105","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abl9105","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection generates tissue-localized immunological memory in humans","volume":"6","author":"Poon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00870-z","article-title":"Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to MAIT cell activation and cytotoxicity","volume":"22","author":"Flament","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05325-5","article-title":"COVID-19 reinfections among naturally infected and vaccinated individuals","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2019.10.013","article-title":"Mucosal vaccines: strategies and challenges","volume":"217","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henao Restrepo, AM. Solidarity trial of candidate vaccines against COVID-19.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ISRCTN15779782 (2021).","DOI":"10.1186\/ISRCTN15779782"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib89","unstructured":"Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise Co., Ltd. A Phase III Clinical Trial of Influenza Virus Vector COVID- 19 Vaccine for Intranasal Spray (DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1). http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/showproj.aspx?proj=133897 (accessed 24 Apr 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib90","unstructured":"Meissa Vaccines, Inc. Phase 1, Open-Label, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate Tolerability, Safety, and Immunogenicity of an Intranasal Live Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Expressing Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 in Healthy Adults Ages 18\u201369 Years. clinicaltrials.gov. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04798001 (2021) (accessed 20 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib91","unstructured":"Bharat Biotech International Limited. A Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Reactogenicity, Safety, and Immunogenicity of an Intranasal Adenovirus Vector COVID-19 Vaccine (BBV154) in Healthy Volunteers. clinicaltrials.gov. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04751682 (2021) (accessed 20 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib92","unstructured":"CyanVac LLC. A Phase 1 Open-Label, Dose-Ranging Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Intranasal Parainfluenza Virus Type 5-SARS-CoV-2 S Vaccine (CVXGA1) in Healthy Adults Aged 18 to 55 Years. clinicaltrials.gov. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04954287 (2022) (accessed 20 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib93","unstructured":"University of Oxford. A Phase I Study to Determine Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Intranasal Administration of the COVID Vaccine ChAdOx1 NCOV-19 in Healthy UK Adults. clinicaltrials.gov. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04816019 (2021) (accessed 20 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib94","unstructured":"Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB). Adaptive phase I\/II clinical trial, randomized, of parallel groups, to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity in adults of two vaccine candidates, based on recombinant RBD subunits for the prevention of COVID-19 in regimens that use the nasal route of administration. https:\/\/rpcec.sld.cu\/en\/trials\/RPCEC00000345-En (accessed 24 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib95","unstructured":"Vaxart. A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Trial to Determine the Safety, Immunogenicity and Efficacy of an Adenoviral-Vector Based Vaccine Expressing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) and DsRNA Adjuvant Administered Orally. clinicaltrials.gov. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05067933 (2021) (accessed 20 Feb 2022)."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2608-y","article-title":"ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques","volume":"586","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Doremalen, N. et al. Intranasal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19\/AZD1222 vaccination reduces shedding of SARS-CoV-2 D614G in rhesus macaques. BioRxiv Prepr. Serv. Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.01.09.426058 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.09.426058"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18077-5","article-title":"An adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine confers protection from SARS-COV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.026","article-title":"A Single-Dose Intranasal ChAd Vaccine Protects Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"183","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149167","article-title":"A single subcutaneous or intranasal immunization with adenovirus\u2010based SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccine induces robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0190821","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01908-21","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a newcastle disease virus vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, AVX\/COVID-12-HEXAPRO (Patria), in Pigs","volume":"12","author":"Lara-Puente","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice, A. et al. Intranasal plus subcutaneous prime vaccination with a dual antigen COVID-19 vaccine elicits T-cell and antibody responses in mice. Sci. Rep. 11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-94364-5 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94364-5"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.12.010","article-title":"Intranasal vaccination with a lentiviral vector protects against SARS-CoV-2 in preclinical animal models","volume":"29","author":"Ku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.02.005","article-title":"Respiratory mucosal delivery of next-generation COVID-19 vaccine provides robust protection against both ancestral and variant strains of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"185","author":"Afkhami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.03.006","article-title":"Intranasal administration of a recombinant RBD vaccine induced protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mouse","volume":"39","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103037","article-title":"Single-dose intranasal vaccination elicits systemic and mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"24","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, T., Ren, Y., Li, S., Lu, X. & Lei, H. Immune response induced by oral administration with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in mice. Microb Cell Factories. 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-021-01584-5 (2021).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01584-5"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbett, KS. et al. Evaluation of MRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 Infection in Nonhuman Primates. Immunology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.05.21.445189 (2021).","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.05.21.445189"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.07.021","article-title":"Intranasal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: From challenges to potential in COVID-19 management","volume":"26","author":"Chavda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1805992","article-title":"Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2","volume":"16","author":"Mudgal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadoff, J. et al. Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2101544 (2021).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101544"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02000-6","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and lot-to-lot immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBV152): interim results of a randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"398","author":"Ella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107659","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine","volume":"385","author":"Heath","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunkle, LM. et al. Efficacy and safety of NVX-CoV2373 in adults in the United States and Mexico. N. Engl. J. Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2116185 (2021).","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116185"},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02753-7","volume":"399","author":"Halperin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8_bib116","unstructured":"Medicago Inc. PRODUCT MONOGRAPH INCLUDING PATIENT MEDICATION INFORMATION COVIFENZ\u00ae COVID-19 Vaccine (Plant-Based Virus-like Particles [VLP], Recombinant, Adjuvanted). https:\/\/covid-vaccine.canada.ca\/info\/pdf\/covifenz-pm-en.pdf (2022)."}],"container-title":["Mucosal Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41385-022-00517-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41385-022-00517-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1933021922000848?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1933021922000848?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41385-022-00517-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T13:07:53Z","timestamp":1761829673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1933021922000848"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1933021922000848"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0219","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dealing with a mucosal viral pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 vaccines","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Mucosal Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2022 \u00a9 Society for Mucosal Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}