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Here we present the first genome-wide association study of AUD treatment outcomes based on data from the COMBINE and PREDICT studies of acamprosate and naltrexone, and the Mayo Clinic CITA study of acamprosate. Primary analyses focused on treatment outcomes regardless of pharmacological intervention and were followed by drug-stratified analyses to identify treatment-specific pharmacogenomic predictors of acamprosate and naltrexone response. Treatment outcomes were defined as: (1) time until relapse to any drinking (TR) and (2) time until relapse to heavy drinking (THR;\u2009\u2265\u20095 drinks for men, \u22654 drinks for women in a day), during the first 3 months of treatment. Analyses were performed within each dataset, followed by meta-analysis across the studies (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091083 European ancestry participants). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the\n                    <jats:italic>BRE<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene were associated with THR (min\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091.6E\u22128) in the entire sample, while two intergenic SNPs were associated with medication-specific outcomes (naltrexone THR: rs12749274,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.9E\u22128; acamprosate TR: rs77583603,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.1E\u22129). The top association signal for TR (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097.7E\u22128) and second strongest signal in the THR (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096.1E\u22128) analysis of naltrexone-treated patients maps to\n                    <jats:italic>PTPRD<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a gene previously implicated in addiction phenotypes in human and animal studies. Leave-one-out polygenic risk score analyses showed significant associations with TR (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.7E\u22124) and THR (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.6E\u22124). This study provides the first evidence of a polygenic effect on AUD treatment response, and identifies genetic variants associated with potentially medication-specific effects on AUD treatment response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01097-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T11:03:37Z","timestamp":1627038217000},"page":"2132-2139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Genetic contributions to alcohol use disorder treatment outcomes: a genome-wide pharmacogenomics study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9350-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna M.","family":"Biernacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4322-5923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Coombes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Batzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4989-8782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ada Man-Choi","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7341-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Geske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4867-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-8119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Hodgkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Skime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Colby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Zillich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Pozsonyiova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-3924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming-Fen","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5236-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Rietschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Weinshilboum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"O\u2019Malley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2087-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3417-6576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ray","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1724-5405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9552-6130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor M.","family":"Karpyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1097_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30337-7","volume":"5","author":"GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators.","year":"2018","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators. 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