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A valid, direct comparison of the effects of these substances is lacking. The main goal of the present study was to investigate potential pharmacological, physiological and phenomenological differences at psychoactive-equivalent doses of mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin. The present study used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design to compare the acute subjective effects, autonomic effects, and pharmacokinetics of typically used, moderate to high doses of mescaline (300 and 500\u2009mg), LSD (100\u2009\u00b5g), and psilocybin (20\u2009mg) in 32 healthy participants. A mescaline dose of 300\u2009mg was used in the first 16 participants and 500\u2009mg was used in the subsequent 16 participants. Acute subjective effects of 500\u2009mg mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin were comparable across various psychometric scales. Autonomic effects of 500\u2009mg mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin were moderate, with psilocybin causing a higher increase in diastolic blood pressure compared with LSD, and LSD showing a trend toward an increase in heart rate compared with psilocybin. The tolerability of mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin was comparable, with mescaline at both doses inducing slightly more subacute adverse effects (12\u201324\u2009h) than LSD and psilocybin. Clear distinctions were seen in the duration of action between the three substances. Mescaline had the longest effect duration (mean: 11.1\u2009h), followed by LSD (mean: 8.2\u2009h), and psilocybin (mean: 4.9\u2009h). Plasma elimination half-lives of mescaline and LSD were similar (approximately 3.5\u2009h). The longer effect duration of mescaline compared with LSD was due to the longer time to reach maximal plasma concentrations and related peak effects. Mescaline and LSD, but not psilocybin, enhanced circulating oxytocin. None of the substances altered plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations. In conclusion, the present study found no evidence of qualitative differences in altered states of consciousness that were induced by equally strong doses of mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin. The results indicate that any differences in the pharmacological profiles of mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin do not translate into relevant differences in the subjective experience. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04227756.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01607-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T12:02:11Z","timestamp":1685016131000},"page":"1659-1667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Comparative acute effects of mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in healthy participants"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Ley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3143-1519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friederike","family":"Holze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Arikci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Straumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Klaiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6007-1631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Coviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Dierbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Thomann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7811-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urs","family":"Duthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0874-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dino","family":"Luethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8598-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimmy","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9341-3669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1765-9659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias E.","family":"Liechti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1607_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08701-9","volume":"359","author":"JG Bruhn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bruhn JG, De Smet PAGM, El-Seedi HR, Beck O. 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The other authors declare no conflicts of interest. Know-how and data that are associated with this work are owned by the University Hospital Basel and were licensed by Mind Medicine, Inc. Mind Medicine, Inc., had no role in planning or conducting the present study or the present publication.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}