{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:45:53Z","timestamp":1785408353844,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a primary treatment for depression. Although previous research has underscored the significant roles of white matter (WM) alterations and maladaptive parenting in depression risk, their associations with CBT response remain largely unknown. This longitudinal study investigated the interplay of WM integrity changes over time, treatment response, and parenting style in patients with depression. Diffusion-tensor-imaging and clinical data were assessed in <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200965 (55% female) patients with depression before and after 20 CBT sessions and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200965 (68% female) healthy controls (HC) in a naturalistic design. Linear-mixed-effect models compared changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) between groups and tested associations between FA changes and symptom changes. It was investigated whether parenting style predicts depressive symptoms at follow-up and whether FA changes mediate this association. Patients showed differential FA changes over time in the corpus callosum and corona radiata compared to HC (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>tfce-FWE<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.008). Increases in FA in the corpus callosum, corona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus were linked to symptom improvement after CBT in patients (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>tfce-FWE<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.023). High parental care (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.010) and low maternal overprotection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.001) predicted fewer depressive symptoms at follow-up. The association between maternal overprotection and depressive symptoms at follow-up was mediated by FA changes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sub>FDR<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.044). Robustness checks\u2014controlling for outliers, non-linear age effects, clinical characteristics, and patient subgroups\u2014supported these results. Overall, patients with depression show changes in WM integrity following CBT, which are linked to treatment response. The results highlight the significance of early life adversities and related microstructural changes in the effectiveness of CBT for treating depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02070-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T16:08:22Z","timestamp":1740586102000},"page":"1000-1007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal associations between white matter integrity, early life adversities, and treatment response following cognitive-behavioral therapy in depression"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7738-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kira","family":"Flinkenfl\u00fcgel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiana","family":"Borgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2234-4096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa","family":"Klug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie M.","family":"Mummendey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth J.","family":"Leehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2177-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Meinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1379-9491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Repple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-2625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilo","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4749-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Opel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9345-2126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochen","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6733-8087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Zwiky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philine","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"K\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1849-9490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"Sch\u00f6niger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Kamrla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Dannlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Enneking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Redlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2070_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","author":"T Vos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vos T, Lim SS, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi M, Abbasifard M, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1204\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2070_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4460","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02622-x","volume":"40","author":"P Greenberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Greenberg P, Chitnis A, Louie D, Suthoff E, Chen S-Y, Maitland J, et al. The economic burden of adults with major depressive disorder in the United States (2019). Adv Ther. 2023;40:4460\u201379.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"2070_CR3","unstructured":"Beck AT. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. Guilford Press; 1979."},{"key":"2070_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-012-9476-1","volume":"36","author":"SG Hofmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hofmann SG, Asnaani A, Vonk IJJ, Sawyer AT, Fang A. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Cogn Ther Res. 2012;36:427\u201340.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"2070_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.08.019","volume":"84","author":"H Akil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akil H, Gordon J, Hen R, Javitch J, Mayberg H, McEwen B, et al. Treatment resistant depression: a multi-scale, systems biology approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;84:272\u201388.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2070_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.11.1905","volume":"163","author":"AJ Rush","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1905\u201317.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.03.022","volume":"94","author":"K Flinkenfl\u00fcgel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Flinkenfl\u00fcgel K, Meinert S, Thiel K, Winter A, Goltermann J, Strathausen L, et al. Negative stressful life events and social support are associated with white matter integrity in depressed patients and healthy controls: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol Psychiatry. 2023;94:650\u201360.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0477-2","volume":"25","author":"van Velzen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Velzen, Kelly LS, Isaev S, Aleman D, Aftanas LI A, Bauer J, et al. White matter disturbances in major depressive disorder: a coordinated analysis across 20 international cohorts in the ENIGMA MDD working group. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:1511\u201325.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21825","volume":"6","author":"G Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen G, Hu X, Li L, Huang X, Lui S, Kuang W, et al. Disorganization of white matter architecture in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging with tract-based spatial statistics. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21825.","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2070_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720002950","volume":"52","author":"S Meinert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Meinert S, Leehr EJ, Grotegerd D, Repple J, F\u00f6rster K, Winter NR, et al. White matter fiber microstructure is associated with prior hospitalizations rather than acute symptomatology in major depressive disorder. Psychol Med. 2022;52:1166\u201374.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2070_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2019.04.004","volume":"287","author":"K Doolin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doolin K, Andrews S, Carballedo A, McCarthy H, O\u2019Hanlon E, Tozzi L, et al. Longitudinal diffusion weighted imaging of limbic regions in patients with major depressive disorder after 6 years and partial to full remission. Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging. 2019;287:75\u201386.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2070_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.180243","volume":"44","author":"J Repple","year":"2019","unstructured":"Repple J, Zaremba D, Meinert S, Grotegerd D, Redlich R, F\u00f6rster K, et al. Time heals all wounds? A 2-year longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2019;44:407\u201313.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"2070_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.06.011","volume":"86","author":"X Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen X, Adams MJ, Ritakari TE, Cox SR, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC. White matter microstructure and its relation to longitudinal measures of depressive symptoms in mid- and late life. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86:759\u201368.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flinkenfl\u00fcgel K, Meinert S, Hirtsiefer C, Grotegerd D, Thiel K, Winter A, et al. Associations between white matter microstructure and cognitive decline in major depressive disorder versus controls in Germany: a prospective case-control cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2024;11:899\u2013909.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00291-8"},{"key":"2070_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02284-3","volume":"12","author":"J-B Belge","year":"2022","unstructured":"Belge J-B, Mulders PCR, Van Diermen L, Schrijvers D, Sabbe B, Sienaert P, et al. White matter changes following electroconvulsive therapy for depression: a multicenter ComBat harmonization approach. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12:517.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2021.01.004","volume":"29","author":"X He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He X, Pueraro E, Kim Y, Garcia CM, Maas B, Choi J, et al. Association of white matter integrity with executive function and antidepressant treatment outcome in patients with late-life depression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;29:1188\u201398.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e380","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.21","volume":"4","author":"H Lyden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lyden H, Espinoza RT, Pirnia T, Clark K, Joshi SH, Leaver AM, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy mediates neuroplasticity of white matter microstructure in major depression. Transl Psychiatry. 2014;4:e380\u2013e380.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyab008","volume":"24","author":"R Seiger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Seiger R, Gryglewski G, Kl\u00f6bl M, Kautzky A, Godbersen GM, Rischka L, et al. The influence of acute SSRI administration on white matter microstructure in patients suffering from major depressive disorder and healthy controls. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;24:542\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2070_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00431","volume":"11","author":"Q Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong Q, Liu J, Zeng L, Fan Y, Lu X, Sun J, et al. State-independent microstructural white matter abnormalities in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:431.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000758","volume":"50","author":"J Repple","year":"2020","unstructured":"Repple J, Meinert S, Bollettini I, Grotegerd D, Redlich R, Zaremba D, et al. Influence of electroconvulsive therapy on white matter structure in a diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychological Med. 2020;50:849\u201356.","journal-title":"Psychological Med"},{"key":"2070_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.140376","volume":"205","author":"MS Korgaonkar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Korgaonkar MS, Williams LM, Song YJ, Usherwood T, Grieve SM. Diffusion tensor imaging predictors of treatment outcomes in major depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;205:321\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.03.069","volume":"307","author":"KN Kidd","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kidd KN, Prasad D, Cunningham JEA, de Azevedo Cardoso T, Frey BN. The relationship between parental bonding and mood, anxiety and related disorders in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2022;307:221\u201336.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2070_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20577","volume":"26","author":"DN Klein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Klein DN, Arnow BA, Barkin JL, Dowling F, Kocsis JH, Leon AC, et al. Early adversity in chronic depression: clinical correlates and response to pharmacotherapy. Depression Anxiety. 2009;26:701\u201310.","journal-title":"Depression Anxiety"},{"key":"2070_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.01.050","volume":"175","author":"MBH Yap","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yap MBH, Jorm AF. Parental factors associated with childhood anxiety, depression, and internalizing problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2015;175:424\u201340.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2070_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1435-4","volume":"53","author":"JD Eun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eun JD, Paksarian D, He J-P, Merikangas KR. Parenting style and mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53:11\u201320.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2070_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181c8189c","volume":"198","author":"KS Grotmol","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grotmol KS, Ekeberg \u00d8, Finset A, Gude T, Moum T, Vaglum P, et al. Parental bonding and self-esteem as predictors of severe depressive symptoms: a 10-year follow-up study of Norwegian physicians. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198:22\u201327.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"2070_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12146","volume":"45","author":"BY Saffer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saffer BY, Glenn CR, David Klonsky E. Clarifying the relationship of parental bonding to suicide ideation and attempts. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav. 2015;45:518\u201328.","journal-title":"Suicide Life-Threatening Behav"},{"key":"2070_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12054","volume":"67","author":"M Asano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asano M, Esaki K, Wakamatsu A, Kitajima T, Narita T, Naitoh H, et al. Maternal overprotection score of the Parental Bonding Instrument predicts the outcome of cognitive behavior therapy by trainees for depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;67:340\u20134.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2070_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2022.105121","volume":"140","author":"L Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen L, Du H, Zilioli S, Zhao S, Chi P. Effects of parental care and overprotection on adolescents\u2019 diurnal cortisol profiles. Horm Behav. 2022;140:105121.","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"2070_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12461","volume":"20","author":"EA Shirtcliff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shirtcliff EA, Skinner ML, Obasi EM, Haggerty KP. Positive parenting predicts cortisol functioning six years later in young adults. Dev Sci. 2017;20:e12461.","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2070_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2019.100711","volume":"40","author":"MJ Farber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farber MJ, Kim MJ, Knodt AR, Hariri AR. Maternal overprotection in childhood is associated with amygdala reactivity and structural connectivity in adulthood. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2019;40:100711.","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2070_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x","volume":"52","author":"G Parker","year":"1979","unstructured":"Parker G, Tupling H, Brown LB. A parental bonding instrument. Br J Med Psychol. 1979;52:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"2070_CR34","unstructured":"Wittchen H-U, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M. SKID I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f\u00fcr DSM-IV. Achse I: Psychische St\u00f6rungen. Interviewheft und Beurteilungsheft. Eine deutschsprachige, erweiterte Bearb. d. amerikanischen Originalversion des SKID I. 1997. 1997."},{"key":"2070_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","volume":"62","author":"M Jenkinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jenkinson M, Beckmann CF, Behrens TEJ, Woolrich MW, Smith SM. FSL. Neuroimage. 2012;62:782\u201390.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2070_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","volume":"23","author":"SM Smith","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TEJ, Johansen-Berg H, et al. Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. Neuroimage. 2004;23:S208\u2013219.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2070_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.055","volume":"45","author":"MW Woolrich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Woolrich MW, Jbabdi S, Patenaude B, Chappell M, Makni S, Behrens T, et al. Bayesian analysis of neuroimaging data in FSL. Neuroimage. 2009;45:S173\u2013186.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2070_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061","volume":"44","author":"SM Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith SM, Nichols TE. Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference. Neuroimage. 2009;44:83\u201398.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2070_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.2.JNS121294","volume":"118","author":"S Farquharson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farquharson S, Tournier J-D, Calamante F, Fabinyi G, Schneider-Kolsky M, Jackson GD, et al. White matter fiber tractography: why we need to move beyond DTI: Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2013;118:1367\u201377.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2070_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.024","volume":"31","author":"SM Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Johansen-Berg H, Rueckert D, Nichols TE, Mackay CE, et al. Tract-based spatial statistics: Voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. NeuroImage. 2006;31:1487\u2013505.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2070_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3785","volume":"32","author":"B Jeurissen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeurissen B, Descoteaux M, Mori S, Leemans A. Diffusion MRI fiber tractography of the brain. NMR Biomed. 2019;32:e3785.","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"2070_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-1-3","volume":"1","author":"ML Murphy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Murphy ML, Frodl T. Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies shows altered fractional anisotropy occurring in distinct brain areas in association with depression. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord. 2011;1:3.","journal-title":"Biol Mood Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"2070_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.004","volume":"79","author":"T Wise","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wise T, Radua J, Nortje G, Cleare AJ, Young AH, Arnone D. Voxel-based meta-analytical evidence of structural disconnectivity in major depression and bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79:293\u2013302.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2070_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2639","volume":"10","author":"SJ Lupien","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C. Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:434\u201345.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2070_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.08.002","volume":"6","author":"P Willner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Willner P. The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: history, evaluation and usage. Neurobiol Stress. 2017;6:78\u201393.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"2070_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2174\/157339510791823790","volume":"6","author":"F Jauregui-Huerta","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jauregui-Huerta F, Ruvalcaba-Delgadillo Y, Gonzalez-Casta\u00f1eda R, Garcia-Estrada J, Gonzalez-Perez O, Luquin S. Responses of glial cells to stress and glucocorticoids. Curr Immunol Rev. 2010;6:195\u2013204.","journal-title":"Curr Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2070_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.017","volume":"225","author":"S Poletti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poletti S, Aggio V, Brioschi S, Bollettini I, Falini A, Colombo C, et al. Impact of early and recent stress on white matter microstructure in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:289\u201397.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2070_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172129","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172129","volume":"12","author":"G Olivo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olivo G, Wiemerslage L, Swenne I, Zhukowsky C, Salonen-Ros H, Larsson E-M, et al. Limbic-thalamo-cortical projections and reward-related circuitry integrity affects eating behavior: A longitudinal DTI study in adolescents with restrictive eating disorders. PLOS ONE. 2017;12:e0172129.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2070_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-008-0189-x","volume":"213","author":"WC Drevets","year":"2008","unstructured":"Drevets WC, Price JL, Furey ML. Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression. Brain Struct Funct. 2008;213:93\u2013118.","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2070_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.11.004","volume":"15","author":"A Etkin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Etkin A, Egner T, Kalisch R. Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci. 2011;15:85\u201393.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2070_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02459.x","volume":"20","author":"KN Ochsner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ochsner KN, Ray RR, Hughes B, McRae K, Cooper JC, Weber J, et al. Bottom-up and top-down processes in emotion generation: common and distinct neural mechanisms. Psychol Sci. 2009;20:1322\u201331.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2070_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl359","volume":"130","author":"JD Schmahmann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmahmann JD, Pandya DN, Wang R, Dai G, D\u2019Arceuil HE, de Crespigny AJ, et al. Association fibre pathways of the brain: parallel observations from diffusion spectrum imaging and autoradiography. Brain. 2007;130:630\u201353.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2070_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037561","volume":"7","author":"N Zuo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zuo N, Fang J, Lv X, Zhou Y, Hong Y, Li T, et al. White matter abnormalities in major depression: a tract-based spatial statistics and rumination study. PLOS ONE. 2012;7:e37561.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"2070_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101935","volume":"24","author":"DA Pisner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pisner DA, Shumake J, Beevers CG, Schnyer DM. The superior longitudinal fasciculus and its functional triple-network mechanisms in brooding. NeuroImage: Clin. 2019;24:101935.","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"2070_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2011.05.004","volume":"49","author":"BW Fling","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fling BW, Chapekis M, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Anguera J, Bo J, Langan J, et al. Age differences in callosal contributions to cognitive processes. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49:2564\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2070_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flinkenfl\u00fcgel K, Gruber M, Meinert S, Thiel K, Winter A, Goltermann J, et al. The interplay between polygenic score for tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, brain structural connectivity, and processing speed in major depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29:3151\u20139.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02577-7"},{"key":"2070_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borgers T, Zwiky E, Klug M, Enneking V, Fisch L, Klein L, et al. Reductions in limbic activity during negative emotion processing following cognitive-behavioural therapy in depressive disorders. PsyArXiv. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/36prt.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/36prt"},{"key":"2070_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3027","volume":"12","author":"SG Disner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Disner SG, Beevers CG, Haigh EAP, Beck AT. Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12:467\u201377.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2070_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.183","volume":"37","author":"JP Roiser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roiser JP, Elliott R, Sahakian BJ. Cognitive mechanisms of treatment in depression. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;37:117\u201336.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2070_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.11.005","volume":"165","author":"E Geerts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geerts E, van Os T, Gerlsma C. Nonverbal communication sets the conditions for the relationship between parental bonding and the short-term treatment response in depression. Psychiatry Res. 2009;165:120\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2070_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2009.07.008","volume":"31","author":"M Jaffe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jaffe M, Gullone E, Hughes EK. The roles of temperamental dispositions and perceived parenting behaviours in the use of two emotion regulation strategies in late childhood. J Appl Developmental Psychol. 2010;31:47\u201359.","journal-title":"J Appl Developmental Psychol"},{"key":"2070_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1348\/014466605X37477","volume":"44","author":"K Matheson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matheson K, Kelly O, Cole B, Tannenbaum B, Dodd C, Anisman H. Parental bonding and depressive affect: The mediating role of coping resources. Br J Soc Psychol. 2005;44:371\u201395.","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2070_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10804-017-9269-6","volume":"25","author":"F Tani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tani F, Pascuzzi D, Raffagnino R. The relationship between perceived parenting style and emotion regulation abilities in adulthood. J Adult Dev. 2018;25:1\u201312.","journal-title":"J Adult Dev"},{"key":"2070_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212456392","volume":"41","author":"M Givertz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Givertz M, Segrin C. The association between overinvolved parenting and young adults\u2019 self-efficacy, psychological entitlement, and family communication. Commun Res. 2014;41:1111\u201336.","journal-title":"Commun Res"},{"key":"2070_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-018-9889-4","volume":"39","author":"F Dentale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dentale F, Vecchione M, Alessandri G, Barbaranelli C. Investigating the protective role of global self-esteem on the relationship between stressful life events and depression: A longitudinal moderated regression model. Curr Psychol. 2020;39:2096\u2013107.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"2070_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2013.809035","volume":"38","author":"CE Lakey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lakey CE, Hirsch JK, Nelson LA, Nsamenang SA. Effects of contingent self-esteem on depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior. Death Stud. 2014;38:563\u201370.","journal-title":"Death Stud"},{"key":"2070_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.1.130","volume":"74","author":"DC Zuroff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zuroff DC, Blatt SJ. The therapeutic relationship in the brief treatment of depression: contributions to clinical improvement and enhanced adaptive capacities. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74:130\u201340.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2070_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.09.003","volume":"74","author":"JD Carter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carter JD, Crowe MT, Jordan J, McIntosh VVW, Frampton C, Joyce PR. Predictors of response to CBT and IPT for depression; the contribution of therapy process. Behav Res Ther. 2015;74:72\u201379.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2070_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2016.1218089","volume":"28","author":"A V\u00eesl\u0103","year":"2018","unstructured":"V\u00eesl\u0103 A, Constantino MJ, Newkirk K, Ogrodniczuk JS, S\u00f6chting I. The relation between outcome expectation, therapeutic alliance, and outcome among depressed patients in group cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychother Res. 2018;28:446\u201356.","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"2070_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031530","volume":"81","author":"BA Arnow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arnow BA, Steidtmann D, Blasey C, Manber R, Constantino MJ, Klein DN, et al. The relationship between the therapeutic alliance and treatment outcome in two distinct psychotherapies for chronic depression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;81:627\u201338.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2070_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnr.2005.03.009","volume":"4","author":"LC Mayes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mayes LC, Swain JE, Leckman JF. Parental attachment systems: neural circuits, genes, and experiential contributions to parental engagement. Clin Neurosci Res. 2005;4:301\u201313.","journal-title":"Clin Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2070_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01667.x","volume":"82","author":"NJ Cabrera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cabrera NJ, Fagan J, Wight V, Schadler C. Influence of mother, father, and child risk on parenting and children\u2019s cognitive and social behaviors. Child Dev. 2011;82:1985\u20132005.","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2070_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558403260094","volume":"19","author":"DJ Laible","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laible DJ, Carlo G. The differential relations of maternal and paternal support and control to adolescent social competence, self-worth, and sympathy. J Adolesc Res. 2004;19:759\u201382.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Res"},{"key":"2070_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.01.003","volume":"125","author":"E Murphy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Murphy E, Wickramaratne P, Weissman M. The stability of parental bonding reports: a 20-year follow-up. J Affect Disord. 2010;125:307\u201315.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2070_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2024.2360671","volume":"24","author":"L Mathias","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mathias L, Quagliato LA, Carta MG, Nardi AE, Cheniaux E. Challenges in the treatment of dysthymia: a narrative review. Expert Rev Neurother. 2024;24:633\u201342.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"}],"container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02070-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02070-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02070-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T12:04:14Z","timestamp":1745582654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02070-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-025-02070-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-133X","1740-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-133X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 February 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"JR received speaking honoraria from Janssen, Hexal and Novartis. Tilo Kircher received unrestricted educational grants from Servier, Janssen, Recordati, Aristo, Otsuka, neuraxpharm. All other authors state that they have no actual or potential conflict of interest to declare, including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could influence or bias their work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}