{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T12:14:28Z","timestamp":1788956068397,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]],"date-time":"2025-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744502400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]],"date-time":"2025-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Gouvernement du Canada | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2019-06947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-06947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Refining previous learning when environmental contingencies change is a critical adaptive function. Studies have shown that systemic noradrenaline (NA) manipulations, as well as optogenetic manipulations of the locus coeruleus (LC), the primary source of forebrain NA, can improve long-term retention of appetitive extinction. To determine whether the contribution of NA is specific to extinction or extends to other forms of learning where reward is less than expected, we suppressed LC activity with clonidine, an \u03b1<jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>-adrenergic receptor agonist, in two tasks: compound extinction, where two previously rewarded cues are presented together and no longer rewarded, and overexpectation, where animals are presented with two previously rewarded cues but receive a single reward rather than the expected two. In compound extinction, we found no differences between groups in training, extinction, or a spontaneous recovery test. However, animals that received clonidine reacquired responding to the previously extinguished cue significantly faster than saline-treated animals, suggesting weakened extinction learning. In overexpectation testing, the saline group responded significantly less to a stimulus that had undergone overexpectation relative to a control stimulus, indicating that they had recalibrated their estimation of reward magnitude following training where reward was less than expected. In contrast, clonidine-treated animals did not differ in responding to the overexpectation versus control stimuli, suggesting that clonidine impaired learning resulting from overexpectation. These results demonstrate that activity of the LC is important for learning to reduce responding in both extinction and overexpectation paradigms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02092-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]],"date-time":"2025-04-13T10:07:36Z","timestamp":1744538856000},"page":"1186-1193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Alpha-2 agonism in the locus coeruleus impairs learning driven by negative prediction error"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2065-2843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashleigh K.","family":"Brink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon K. C.","family":"Lui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8356-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura H.","family":"Corbit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301555","volume":"33","author":"GJ Quirk","year":"2007","unstructured":"Quirk GJ, Mueller D. Neural mechanisms of extinction learning and retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;33:56\u201372.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2092_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00016.2020","volume":"101","author":"ME Bouton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bouton ME, Maren S, McNally GP. Behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of Pavlovian and instrumental extinction learning. Physiol Rev. 2021;101:611\u201381.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2092_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.77504","volume":"11","author":"RA Rescorla","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rescorla RA. Spontaneous recovery. Learn Mem. 2004;11:501\u20139.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"2092_CR4","unstructured":"Kamin LJ. Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. In: Campbell BA, Church RM, editors. Punishment aversive behavior. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1969:279\u201396."},{"key":"2092_CR5","unstructured":"Rescorla RA, Wagner AR. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Black AH, Prokasy WF, editors. Classical conditioning: current research and theory. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1972:64\u201399."},{"key":"2092_CR6","unstructured":"Wagner AR. SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In: Spear NE, Miller RR, editors. Information processing in animals memory mechanisms. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1981:5\u201347."},{"key":"2092_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199227","volume":"26","author":"KM Lattal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lattal KM, Nakajima S. Overexpectation in appetitive Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning. Anim Learn Behav. 1998;26:351\u201360.","journal-title":"Anim Learn Behav"},{"key":"2092_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(70)90101-3","volume":"1","author":"RA Rescorla","year":"1970","unstructured":"Rescorla RA. Reduction in the effectiveness of reinforcement after prior excitatory conditioning. Learn Motiv. 1970;1:372\u201381.","journal-title":"Learn Motiv"},{"key":"2092_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03336657","volume":"6","author":"L Levitan","year":"1975","unstructured":"Levitan L. Tests of the Rescorla-Wagner model of Pavlovian conditioning. Bull Psychon Soc. 1975;6:265\u20138.","journal-title":"Bull Psychon Soc"},{"key":"2092_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.4.1.22","volume":"4","author":"EF Kremer","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kremer EF. The Rescorla-Wagner model: losses in associative strength in compound conditioned stimuli. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1978;4:22\u201336.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process"},{"key":"2092_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192867","volume":"34","author":"RA Rescorla","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rescorla RA. Spontaneous recovery from overexpectation. Learn Behav. 2006;34:13\u201320.","journal-title":"Learn Behav"},{"key":"2092_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196070","volume":"35","author":"RA Rescorla","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rescorla RA. Renewal after overexpectation. Anim Learn Behav. 2007;35:19\u201326.","journal-title":"Anim Learn Behav"},{"key":"2092_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(79)90057-2","volume":"10","author":"ME Bouton","year":"1979","unstructured":"Bouton ME, Bolles RC. Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear. Learn Motiv. 1979;10:445\u201366.","journal-title":"Learn Motiv"},{"key":"2092_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.32.2.135","volume":"32","author":"RA Rescorla","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rescorla RA. Deepened extinction from compound stimulus presentation. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 2006;32:135\u201344.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process"},{"key":"2092_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1923211","volume":"18","author":"PH Janak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Janak PH, Corbit LH. Deepened extinction following compound stimulus presentation: noradrenergic modulation. Learn Mem. 2010;18:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"2092_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.281","volume":"37","author":"PH Janak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Janak PH, Bowers MS, Corbit LH. Compound stimulus presentation and the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine enhance long-term extinction of cocaine-seeking behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:975\u201385.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2092_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12267","volume":"22","author":"HT Leung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leung HT, Corbit LH. Extinction of alcohol seeking is enhanced by compound extinction and the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine: Extinction of alcohol seeking. Addict Biol. 2017;22:47\u201357.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"2092_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.11.008","volume":"74","author":"J Park","year":"2013","unstructured":"Park J, Bucher ES, Fontillas K, Owesson-White C, Ariansen JL, Carelli RM, et al. Opposing catecholamine changes in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis during intracranial self-stimulation and its extinction. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74:69\u201376.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2092_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20448","volume":"61","author":"S Hugues","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hugues S, Garcia R, L\u00e9na I. Time course of extracellular catecholamine and glutamate levels in the rat medial prefrontal cortex during and after extinction of conditioned fear. Synapse. 2007;61:933\u20137.","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"2092_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90155-7","volume":"18","author":"SE Loughlin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Loughlin SE, Foote SL, Bloom FE. Efferent projections of nucleus locus coeruleus: topographic organization of cells of origin demonstrated by three-dimensional reconstruction. Neuroscience. 1986;18:291\u2013306.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2092_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8239","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1164-19.2019","volume":"39","author":"DJ Chandler","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chandler DJ, Jensen P, McCall JG, Pickering AE, Schwarz LA, Totah NK. Redefining noradrenergic neuromodulation of behavior: impacts of a modular locus coeruleus architecture. J Neurosci. 2019;39:8239\u201349.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2092_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0360-9","volume":"21","author":"GR Poe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poe GR, Foote S, Eschenko O, Johansen JP, Bouret S, Aston-Jones G, et al. Locus coeruleus: a new look at the blue spot. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020;21:644\u201359.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2092_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04782-2","volume":"606","author":"V Breton-Provencher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Breton-Provencher V, Drummond GT, Feng J, Li Y, Sur M. Spatiotemporal dynamics of noradrenaline during learned behaviour. Nature. 2022;606:732\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2092_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85111","volume":"12","author":"R Jordan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jordan R, Keller GB. The locus coeruleus broadcasts prediction errors across the cortex to promote sensorimotor plasticity. eLife. 2023;12:RP85111.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2092_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.037283.114","volume":"22","author":"A Uematsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uematsu A, Tan BZ, Johansen JP. Projection specificity in heterogeneous locus coeruleus cell populations: implications for learning and memory. Learn Mem. 2015;22:444\u201351.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"2092_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4642","volume":"20","author":"A Uematsu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Uematsu A, Tan BZ, Ycu EA, Cuevas JS, Koivumaa J, Junyent F, et al. Modular organization of the brainstem noradrenaline system coordinates opposing learning states. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:1602\u201311.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2092_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076358","volume":"298","author":"RJ Dolan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dolan RJ. Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science. 2002;298:1191\u20134.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2092_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/371702a0","volume":"371","author":"L Cahill","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cahill L, Prins B, Weber M, McGaugh JL. B-Adrenergic activation and memory for emotional events. Nature. 1994;371:702\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2092_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63835-2","volume":"88","author":"SJ Sara","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sara SJ, Segal M. Plasticity of sensory responses in locus coeruleus neurons in the behaving rat: implications for cognition. Prog Brain Res. 1991;88:571\u201385.","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"2092_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90159-7","volume":"35","author":"SJ Sara","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sara SJ, Herv\u00e9 A, Vankov A. Locus coeruleus-evoked responses in behaving rats: a clue to the role of noradrenaline in memory. Brain Res Bull. 1994;35:457\u201365.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2092_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su Z, Cohen JY. Two types of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons drive reinforcement learning. BioRxiv. 9 December 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.12.08.519670","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.12.08.519670"},{"key":"2092_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(78)90296-2","volume":"20","author":"G Koob","year":"1978","unstructured":"Koob G, Kelley A, Mason S. Locus coeruleus lesions: learning and extinction. Physiol Behav. 1978;20:709\u201316.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2092_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(78)90150-6","volume":"152","author":"ST Mason","year":"1978","unstructured":"Mason ST, Fibiger HC. 6-OHDA lesion of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle alters extinction of passive avoidance. Brain Res. 1978;152:209\u201314.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2092_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/258422a0","volume":"258","author":"ST Mason","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mason ST, Iversen SD. Learning in the absence of forebrain noradrenaline. Nature. 1975;258:422\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2092_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03526.x","volume":"20","author":"S Bouret","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bouret S, Sara SJ. Reward expectation, orientation of attention and locus coeruleus-medial frontal cortex interplay during learning. Eur J Neurosci. 2004;20:791\u2013802.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2092_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8570","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814278116","volume":"116","author":"TF Giustino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Giustino TF, Fitzgerald PJ, Ressler RL, Maren S. Locus coeruleus toggles reciprocal prefrontal firing to reinstate fear. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:8570\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2092_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1092-19.2019","volume":"40","author":"TF Giustino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Giustino TF, Ramanathan KR, Totty MS, Miles OW, Maren S. Locus coeruleus norepinephrine drives stress-induced increases in basolateral amygdala firing and impairs extinction learning. J Neurosci. 2020;40:907\u201316.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2092_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89267.3","volume":"12","author":"S Lui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lui S, Brink AK, Corbit LH. Optogenetic stimulation of the locus coeruleus enhances appetitive extinction in rats. eLife. 2024;12:RP89267.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2092_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","volume":"28","author":"G Aston-Jones","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD. An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2005;28:403\u201350.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2092_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu A, Yang J-H, Yu A, Glaeser-Khan S, Feng J, Krystal JH, et al. Prefrontal norepinephrine represents a threat prediction error under uncertainty. Biol Psychiatry. 2022;96:256\u201367.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.01.025"},{"key":"2092_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006267","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006267","volume":"15","author":"AC Sales","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sales AC, Friston KJ, Jones MW, Pickering AE, Moran RJ. Locus coeruleus tracking of prediction errors optimises cognitive flexibility: an active inference model. PLoS Comput Biol. 2019;15:e1006267.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2092_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(72)90021-5","volume":"3","author":"D Reberg","year":"1972","unstructured":"Reberg D. Compound tests for excitation in early acquisition and after prolonged extinction of conditioned suppression. Learn Motiv. 1972;3:246\u201358.","journal-title":"Learn Motiv"},{"key":"2092_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054544","volume":"46","author":"DH Bullock","year":"1953","unstructured":"Bullock DH, Smith WC. An effect of repeated conditioning-extinction upon operant strength. J Exp Psychol. 1953;46:349\u201352.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"2092_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1576810","volume":"17","author":"RT LaLumiere","year":"2010","unstructured":"LaLumiere RT, Niehoff KE, Kalivas PW. The infralimbic cortex regulates the consolidation of extinction after cocaine self-administration. Learn Mem. 2010;17:168\u201375.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"2092_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2005.12.008","volume":"86","author":"D Berlau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berlau D, Mcgaugh J. Enhancement of extinction memory consolidation: The role of the noradrenergic and GABAergic systems within the basolateral amygdala. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2006;86:123\u201332.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2092_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3248-07.2008","volume":"28","author":"D Mueller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mueller D, Porter JT, Quirk GJ. Noradrenergic signaling in infralimbic cortex increases cell excitability and strengthens memory for fear extinction. J Neurosci. 2008;28:369\u201375.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2092_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0054-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"RZ Haney","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haney RZ, Calu DJ, Takahashi YK, Hughes BW, Schoenbaum G. Inactivation of the central but not the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala disrupts learning in response to overexpectation of reward: fig. 1. J Neurosci. 2010;30:2911\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2092_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12330","volume":"7","author":"MD Iordanova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iordanova MD, Deroche MLD, Esber GR, Schoenbaum G. Neural correlates of two different types of extinction learning in the amygdala central nucleus. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12330.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2092_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy248","volume":"29","author":"BPP Lay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lay BPP, Nicolosi M, Usypchuk AA, Esber GR, Iordanova MD. Dissociation of appetitive overexpectation and extinction in the infralimbic cortex. Cereb Cortex. 2019;29:3687\u2013701.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2092_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14835","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616515114","volume":"113","author":"KA Kempadoo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kempadoo KA, Mosharov EV, Choi SJ, Sulzer D, Kandel ER. Dopamine release from the locus coeruleus to the dorsal hippocampus promotes spatial learning and memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:14835\u201340.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2092_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19325","volume":"537","author":"T Takeuchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Takeuchi T, Duszkiewicz AJ, Sonneborn A, Spooner PA, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, et al. Locus coeruleus and dopaminergic consolidation of everyday memory. Nature. 2016;537:357\u201362.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2092_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.03.001","volume":"112","author":"J Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng J, Dong H, Lischinsky JE, Zhou J, Deng F, Zhuang C, et al. Monitoring norepinephrine release in vivo using next-generation GRABNE sensors. Neuron. 2024;112:1930\u20131942.e6.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2092_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-00981-9","volume":"17","author":"F Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun F, Zhou J, Dai B, Qian T, Zeng J, Li X, et al. Next-generation GRAB sensors for monitoring dopaminergic activity in vivo. Nat Methods. 2020;17:1156\u201366.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2092_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","volume":"275","author":"W Schultz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schultz W, Dayan P, Montague PR. A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science. 1997;275:1593\u20139.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2092_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3413","volume":"16","author":"EE Steinberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steinberg EE, Keiflin R, Boivin JR, Witten IB, Deisseroth K, Janak PH. A causal link between prediction errors, dopamine neurons and learning. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:966\u201373.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2092_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.049","volume":"27","author":"CY Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang CY, Gardner M, Di Tillio MG, Schoenbaum G. Optogenetic blockade of dopamine transients prevents learning induced by changes in reward features. Curr Biol. 2017;27:3480\u20133486.e3.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2092_CR57","unstructured":"Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Germany: Academic Press\/Elsevier; 2007."}],"container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02092-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02092-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02092-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T09:03:27Z","timestamp":1747645407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02092-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-025-02092-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-133X","1740-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-133X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}