{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:16:17Z","timestamp":1793196977043,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"DH | National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR300273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR300273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>In patients with schizophrenia, cannabis use exacerbates symptoms and can lead to a relapse of psychosis. Some experimental studies in healthy volunteers suggest that pre-treatment with cannabidiol (CBD) may reduce these effects, but others do not. Here, we investigated whether pre-treatment with CBD ameliorates the acute adverse effects of cannabis in patients with schizophrenia. Participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930) had schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder plus a comorbid cannabis use disorder. In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial, participants received oral CBD 1000\u2009mg or placebo three hours before inhaling vaporised cannabis (containing \u0394<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 20\u201360\u2009mg). The primary outcome was delayed verbal recall measured with the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised. We also measured psychotic symptoms with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) \u2013 positive subscale. Delayed verbal recall after cannabis administration was 3.5 words (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.5\u20134.5) following pre-treatment with CBD, compared to 4.8 words (95% CI: 3.9 to 5.8) following pre-treatment with placebo (mean difference [MD]\u2009=\u2009\u22121.3 [95% CI: \u22122.0 to \u22120.6]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). After CBD pre-treatment, inhalation of cannabis was associated with an increase in PANSS-P score of 5.0 (95% CI: 3.6 to 6.5), compared to 2.9 (95% CI: 1.5 to 4.3) following pre-treatment with placebo (MD\u2009=\u20092.2 [95% CI: 0.6 to 3.7]; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01). Administration of CBD did not have a significant effect on plasma concentration of THC or its active metabolite, 11-hydroxy-THC. In patients with schizophrenia and a comorbid cannabis use disorder, pre-treatment with CBD did not attenuate the acute effects of cannabis on memory impairment or psychotic symptoms, but appeared to exacerbate them. The study was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04605393).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-025-02175-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T23:52:27Z","timestamp":1753314747000},"page":"1759-1767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Does cannabidiol reduce the adverse effects of cannabis in schizophrenia? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2851-5252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Chesney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8920-3407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"Sarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay\u015fe Do\u011fa","family":"Lamper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikram","family":"Slimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millie","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex M.","family":"Dickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Welds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilda","family":"Kr\u00e5kstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Gasparini-Andre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2856-9165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matej","family":"Ore\u0161i\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0143-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Will","family":"Lawn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natavan","family":"Babayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom P.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2478-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Englund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Strang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4381-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2175_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.072249","volume":"196","author":"C Henquet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henquet C, Van Os J, Kuepper R, Delespaul P, Smits M, Campo J\u00c0, et al. Psychosis reactivity to cannabis use in daily life: An experience sampling study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;196:447\u201353.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00363-6","volume":"3","author":"T Schoeler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schoeler T, Monk A, Sami MB, Klamerus E, Foglia E, Brown R, et al. Continued versus discontinued cannabis use in patients with psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:215\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30048-3","volume":"6","author":"M Di Forti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, Tripoli G, Gayer-Anderson C, Quigley H, et al. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6:427\u201336.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.011","volume":"191","author":"GE Hunt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hunt GE, Large MM, Cleary M, Lai HMX, Saunders JB. Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990\u20132017: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;191:234\u201358.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2175_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720005449","volume":"51","author":"R Lees","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lees R, Hines LA, D\u2019Souza DC, Stothart G, DI Forti M, Hoch E, et al. Psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for cannabis use disorder and mental health comorbidities: A narrative review. Psychol Med. 2021;51:353\u201364.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2175_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers J, Chesney E, Morrison P, Gaughran F Drug Treatment of the Psychoses. Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry, Cambridge University Press; 2024. p. 241.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781911623861.012"},{"key":"2175_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709005522","volume":"39","author":"PD Morrison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Morrison PD, Zois V, McKeown DA, Lee TD, Holt DW, Powell JF, et al. The acute effects of synthetic intravenous [Delta] 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on psychosis, mood and cognitive functioning. Psychol Med. 2009;39:1607.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2175_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105699","volume":"162","author":"D Oliver","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliver D, Chesney E, Cullen AE, Davies C, Englund A, Gifford G, et al. Exploring causal mechanisms of psychosis risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;162:105699.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2175_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20127","volume":"539","author":"E Hebert-Chatelain","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hebert-Chatelain E, Desprez T, Serrat R, Bellocchio L, Soria-Gomez E, Busquets-Garcia A, et al. A cannabinoid link between mitochondria and memory. Nature. 2016;539:555\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2175_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2470-y","volume":"583","author":"D Jimenez-Blasco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jimenez-Blasco D, Busquets-Garcia A, Hebert-Chatelain E, Serrat R, Vicente-Gutierrez C, Ioannidou C, et al. Glucose metabolism links astroglial mitochondria to cannabinoid effects. Nature. 2020;583:603\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2175_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.10.006","volume":"195","author":"MAP Bloomfield","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bloomfield MAP, Hindocha C, Green SF, Wall MB, Lees R, Petrilli K, et al. The neuropsychopharmacology of cannabis: A review of human imaging studies. Pharm Ther. 2019;195:132\u201361.","journal-title":"Pharm Ther"},{"key":"2175_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300496","volume":"29","author":"DC D\u2019Souza","year":"2004","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza DC, Perry E, MacDougall L, Ammerman Y, Cooper T, Braley G, et al. The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29:1558\u201372.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2175_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunette MF, Roth RM, Trask C, Khokhar JY, Ford JC, Park SH, et al. Randomized laboratory study of single-dose cannabis, dronabinol, and placebo in patients with schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder. Schizophr Bull. 2024;51:479\u201392.","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbae097"},{"key":"2175_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.07.070","volume":"257","author":"NP Vadhan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vadhan NP, Corcoran CM, Bedi G, Keilp JG, Haney M. Acute effects of smoked marijuana in marijuana smokers at clinical high-risk for psychosis: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 2017;257:372\u20134.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2175_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0191-x","volume":"8","author":"CJA Morgan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morgan CJA, Freeman TP, Hindocha C, Schafer G, Gardner C, Curran HV. Individual and combined effects of acute delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on psychotomimetic symptoms and memory function. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16154","volume":"118","author":"W Lawn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lawn W, Trinci K, Mokrysz C, Borissova A, Ofori S, Petrilli K, et al. The acute effects of cannabis with and without cannabidiol in adults and adolescents: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experiment. Addiction. 2023;118:1282\u201394.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2175_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13250","volume":"172","author":"RB Laprairie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Br J Pharm. 2015;172:4790\u2013805.","journal-title":"Br J Pharm"},{"key":"2175_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.08.046","volume":"157","author":"G Navarro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Navarro G, Reyes-Resina I, Rivas-Santisteban R, de Medina VS, Morales P, Casano S, et al. Cannabidiol skews biased agonism at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors with smaller effect in CB1-CB2 heteroreceptor complexes. Biochem Pharm. 2018;157:148\u201358.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharm"},{"key":"2175_CR19","first-page":"283","volume":"8","author":"CD Drummond-Main","year":"2023","unstructured":"Drummond-Main CD, Ahn Y, Kesler M, Gavrilovici C, Kim DY, Kiroski I, et al. Cannabidiol impairs brain mitochondrial metabolism and neuronal integrity. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2023;8:283\u201398.","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"2175_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.09.002","volume":"231","author":"Z Fi\u0161ar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fi\u0161ar Z, Singh N, Hroudov\u00e1 J. Cannabinoid-induced changes in respiration of brain mitochondria. Toxicol Lett. 2014;231:62\u201371.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"2175_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4212-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"D Ryan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ryan D, Drysdale AJ, Lafourcade C, Pertwee RG, Platt B. Cannabidiol targets mitochondria to regulate intracellular Ca2+ levels. J Neurosci. 2009;29:2053\u201363.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2175_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13070","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713070","volume":"24","author":"AVW Nunn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Bell JD. Informing the cannabis conjecture: from life\u2019s beginnings to mitochondria, membranes and the electrome\u2014a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:13070.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2175_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2024.173879","volume":"245","author":"JFC Pedrazzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pedrazzi JFC, Silva-Amaral D, Issy AC, Gomes FV, Crippa JA, Guimar\u00e3es FS, et al. Cannabidiol attenuates prepulse inhibition disruption by facilitating TRPV1 and 5-HT1A receptor-mediated neurotransmission. Pharm Biochem Behav. 2024;245:173879.","journal-title":"Pharm Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2175_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17030325","volume":"175","author":"P McGuire","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGuire P, Robson P, Cubala WJ, Vasile D, Morrison PD, Barron R, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175:225\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.15","volume":"2","author":"FM Leweke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leweke FM, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F, Muhl D, Gerth CW, Hoyer C, et al. Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2:e94\u2013e94.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4885-9","volume":"235","author":"DL Boggs","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boggs DL, Surti T, Gupta A, Gupta S, Niciu M, Pittman B, et al. The effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on cognition and symptoms in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia a randomized placebo controlled trial. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2018;235:1923\u201332.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2175_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21253","volume":"23","author":"S Bhattacharyya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya S, Appiah\u2010Kusi E, Wilson R, O\u2019Neill A, Brammer M, Williams S, et al. Effects of cannabidiol on symptoms in people at clinical high risk for psychosis. World Psychiatry. 2024;23:451\u20132.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204512532211284","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253221128445","volume":"12","author":"E Chesney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chesney E, Lamper D, Lloyd M, Oliver D, Hird E, McGuire P. Acceptability of cannabidiol in patients with psychosis. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2022;12:20451253221128444.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2175_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-0667-2","volume":"45","author":"E Chesney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chesney E, Oliver D, Green A, Sovi S, Wilson J, Englund A, et al. Adverse effects of cannabidiol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45:1799\u2013806.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2175_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05905-9","volume":"239","author":"E Chesney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chesney E, Oliver D, McGuire P. Cannabidiol (CBD) as a novel treatment in the early phases of psychosis. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 2022;239:1179\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol (Berl)"},{"key":"2175_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.036","volume":"107","author":"AM Freeman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freeman AM, Petrilli K, Lees R, Hindocha C, Mokrysz C, Curran HV, et al. How does cannabidiol (CBD) influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans? A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;107:696\u2013712.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2175_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881112460109","volume":"27","author":"A Englund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Englund A, Morrison PD, Nottage J, Hague D, Kane F, Bonaccorso S, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment. J Psychopharmacol. 2013;27:19\u201327.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2175_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.184","volume":"35","author":"S Bhattacharyya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya S, Morrison PD, Fusar-Poli P, Martin-Santos R, Borgwardt S, Winton-Brown T, et al. Opposite effects of \u03b4-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on human brain function and psychopathology. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:764\u201374.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2175_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2254752","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.54752","volume":"6","author":"CA Zamarripa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zamarripa CA, Spindle TR, Surujunarain R, Weerts EM, Bansal S, Unadkat JD, et al. Assessment of orally administered \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol when coadministered with cannabidiol on \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e2254752.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2175_CR35","first-page":"176","volume":"44","author":"FM Leweke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leweke FM, Mueller JK, Reuter AR, Lange B, Pahlisch F, Boost C, et al. Cannabidiol effects on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabidiol-induced psychotic symptoms are related to serum levels of both compounds in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44:176.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2175_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorbenko AA, Heuberger JAAC, Klumpers LE, de Kam ML, Strugala PK, de Visser SJ, et al. Cannabidiol increases psychotropic effects and plasma concentrations of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol without improving its analgesic properties. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2024;116:1289\u20131303.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.3381"},{"key":"2175_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01478-z","volume":"48","author":"A Englund","year":"2023","unstructured":"Englund A, Oliver D, Chesney E, Chester L, Wilson J, Sovi S, et al. Does cannabidiol make cannabis safer? A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial of cannabis with four different CBD:THC ratios. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2023;48:869\u201376.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2175_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00355-2","volume":"8","author":"TP Freeman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freeman TP, Lorenzetti V. A standard THC unit for reporting of health research on cannabis and cannabinoids. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:944\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01365","volume":"9","author":"SA Millar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Millar SA, Stone NL, Yates AS, O\u2019Sullivan SE. A systematic review on the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in humans. Front Pharm. 2018;9:1365.","journal-title":"Front Pharm"},{"key":"2175_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.006","volume":"57","author":"DC D\u2019Souza","year":"2005","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza DC, Abi-Saab WM, Madonick S, Forselius-Bielen K, Doersch A, Braley G, et al. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: Implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:594\u2013608.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/13854049108403297","volume":"5","author":"J Brandt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Brandt J. The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test: Development of a new memory test with six equivalent forms. Clin Neuropsychologist. 1991;5:125\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"2175_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15764","volume":"117","author":"L Dellazizzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Gigu\u00e8re S, Dumais A. Evidence on the acute and residual neurocognitive effects of cannabis use in adolescents and adults: a systematic meta-review of meta-analyses. Addiction. 2022;117:1857\u201370.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2175_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:261\u201376.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"2175_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.02.020","volume":"103","author":"OJ Mason","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mason OJ, Morgan CJM, Stefanovic A, Curran HV. The Psychotomimetic States Inventory (PSI): Measuring psychotic-type experiences from ketamine and cannabis. Schizophr Res. 2008;103:138\u201342.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2175_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e318145a0a9","volume":"195","author":"D Freeman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Freeman D, Pugh K, Green C, Valmaggia L, Dunn G, Garety P. A measure of state persecutory ideation for experimental studies. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195:781\u20134.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"2175_CR46","unstructured":"Spielberger CD, Gonzalez-Reigosa F, Martinez-Urrutia A, Natalicio LFS, Natalicio DS. The state-trait anxiety inventory. Revista Interamericana de Psicologia\/Interamerican J Psychol. 1971;5:145\u201358."},{"key":"2175_CR47","first-page":"646","volume":"6","author":"F Borgan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Borgan F, Kokkinou M, Howes O. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021;6:646\u201359.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2175_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0970","volume":"76","author":"A Minichino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Minichino A, Senior M, Brondino N, Zhang SH, Godwlewska BR, Burnet PWJ, et al. Measuring disturbance of the endocannabinoid system in psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:914\u201323.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2175_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dempster EL, Wong CCY, Burrage J, Hannon E, Quattrone D, Trotta G, et al. Methylomic signature of current cannabis use in two first-episode psychosis cohorts. Mol Psychiatry. 2025;30:1277\u201386.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02689-0"},{"key":"2175_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.047","volume":"132","author":"T Whitehurst","year":"2022","unstructured":"Whitehurst T, Howes O. The role of mitochondria in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: a critical review of the evidence focusing on mitochondrial complex one. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;132:449\u201364.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"}],"container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02175-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02175-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02175-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T10:25:41Z","timestamp":1760351141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-025-02175-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-025-02175-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-133X","1740-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-133X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"WL has provided consultancy for the clinical research organisation AxialBridge. AE has received speaker\u2019s fees from Jazz\/GW, Otsuka, and Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals. JS is a researcher and clinician who has worked with several pharma and tech companies to seek to identify new or improved interventions, but they do not have a relationship to the study and findings reported here. For further info see . All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}