{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T21:14:08Z","timestamp":1794345248438,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23-MH137459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-MH137459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-MH97988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-MH97988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-MH97988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-MH97988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50-MH115874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-MH115874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50-MH115874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-MH115874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50-MH115874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-MH115874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50-MH115874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-MH115874"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-MH120400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-MH120400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-MH125852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-MH125852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly heterogeneous psychiatric disorder, complicating efforts to identify consistent biological markers and develop targeted treatments for individuals exposed to trauma. Recent research has identified a distinct intrusive-hypervigilant (IH) phenotype, which is characterized by heightened intrusive reexperiencing and hypervigilance symptoms along with elevated levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide involved in stress response via amygdala signaling. In an independent sample of 172 symptomatic trauma-exposed adults, we replicated this IH phenotype using latent profile analysis of Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 symptom severity ratings and expanded its biological characterization using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Consistent with prior work, the identified IH group demonstrated more severe intrusive reexperiencing (Cohen\u2019s d\u2019s = 0.61-6.93) and hypervigilance symptoms (d\u2019s = 0.57-0.88) and higher PACAP levels compared to groups with generally High (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.35) or Low (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.44) symptom severity. Additionally, the IH phenotype exhibited stronger functional connectivity of the centromedial, but not basolateral, amygdala with regions in the occipital cortex (d\u2019s = 0.78-0.95), precuneus (d\u2019s = 1.20-1.21), and medial prefrontal cortex (d\u2019s = 0.81-1.18)\u2014areas primarily within the Default Mode and Visual Networks. Meta-analytic decoding linked these regions to mental imagery, memory processing, fear, and threat perception. These findings support the existence of an IH phenotype of posttraumatic stress that may exhibit a distinct biological profile, characterized by exaggerated interactions between memory, threat, and arousal systems that may be mediated by PACAP and its effects on amygdala connectivity. This phenotype may serve as a promising target for precision psychiatry approaches, including pharmacological and neurotherapeutic interventions that modulate PACAP signaling and amygdala connectivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-026-02396-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:19:14Z","timestamp":1775665154000},"page":"2045-2055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Identification of an intrusive-hypervigilant phenotype of posttraumatic stress symptoms with unique stress peptide and amygdala functional connectivity profiles"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6581-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Clancy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Ravichandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney A.","family":"Jobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayamwong E.","family":"Hammack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4162-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"William A.","family":"Carlezon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5158-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerry J.","family":"Ressler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6988-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle M.","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2396_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4092","volume":"80","author":"RA Bryant","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bryant RA, Galatzer-Levy I, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. The heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. JAMA Psychiatry. 2023;80:189\u201391.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613504115","volume":"8","author":"IR Galatzer-Levy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galatzer-Levy IR, Bryant RA. 636,120 ways to have posttraumatic stress disorder. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2013;8:651\u201362.","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2396_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.03.028","volume":"77","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA, Koenen KC, Friedman MJ, Ruscio AM, Karam EG, Shahly V, et al. Sub-threshold post traumatic stress disorder in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77:375\u201384.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.20706","volume":"4","author":"M Cloitre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cloitre M, Garvert DW, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, Maercker A. Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatology. 2013;4:20706.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"2396_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112779","volume":"285","author":"SarahB Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell SarahB, Trachik B, Goldberg S, Simpson TL. Identifying PTSD symptom typologies: a latent class analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;285:112779.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2396_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20526","volume":"23","author":"D Forbes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Forbes D, Elhai JD, Miller MW, Creamer M. Internalizing and externalizing classes in posttraumatic stress disorder: a latent class analysis. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23:340\u20139.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"2396_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.4.636","volume":"113","author":"MW Miller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miller MW, Kaloupek DG, Dillon AL, Keane TM. Externalizing and internalizing subtypes of combat-related PTSD: a replication and extension using the PSY-5 scales. J Abnorm Psychol. 2004;113:636\u201345.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2396_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2006.04.003","volume":"38","author":"MW Miller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Miller MW, Resick PA. Internalizing and externalizing subtypes in female sexual assault survivors: implications for the understanding of complex PTSD. Behav Ther. 2007;38:58\u201371.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"2396_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22133","volume":"31","author":"LA Zoellner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zoellner LA, Pruitt LD, Farach FJ, Jun JJ. Understanding heterogeneity in Ptsd: fear, dysphoria, and distress. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31:97\u2013106.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"2396_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115942","volume":"327","author":"DE Sanghvi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sanghvi DE, Rackoff GN, Newman MG. Latent class analysis of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following exposure to Hurricane Ike. Soc Sci Med. 2023;327:115942.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2396_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtd.2024.100430","volume":"8","author":"SE Whiteman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Whiteman SE, Lee DJ, Kramer LB, Petri JM, Weathers FW. Subgroup differences in PTSD symptom presentations: a latent class analysis. Eur J Trauma Dissociation. 2024;8:100430.","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"2396_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20406","volume":"22","author":"LP Kelley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kelley LP, Weathers FW, McDevitt-Murphy ME, Eakin DE, Flood AM. A comparison of PTSD symptom patterns in three types of civilian trauma. J Trauma Stress. 2009;22:227\u201335.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"2396_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00915-1","volume":"10","author":"MW Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis MW, Jones RT, Davis MT. Exploring the impact of trauma type and extent of exposure on posttraumatic alterations in 5-HT1A expression. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10:237.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30031-8","volume":"6","author":"SJ Lewis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis SJ, Arseneault L, Caspi A, Fisher HL, Matthews T, Moffitt TE, et al. The epidemiology of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in a representative cohort of young people in England and Wales. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6:247\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.01.007","volume":"38","author":"HL Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith HL, Summers BJ, Dillon KH, Cougle JR. Is the worst-event trauma type related to PTSD symptom presentation and associated features? J Anxiety Disord. 2016;38:55\u201361.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"2396_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2025.107375","volume":"173","author":"SW Adams","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adams SW, Neylan TC, May V, Hammack SE, Ressler K, Inslicht SS. PACAP associated with precise PTSD and fear extinction response in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2025;173:107375.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2396_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.3.624","volume":"115","author":"GN Marshall","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marshall GN, Schell TL, Glynn SM, Shetty V. The role of hyperarousal in the manifestation of posttraumatic psychological distress following injury. J Abnorm Psychol. 2006;115:624\u20138.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2396_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.2.189","volume":"113","author":"TL Schell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schell TL, Marshall GN, Jaycox LH. All symptoms are not created equal: the prominent role of hyperarousal in the natural course of posttraumatic psychological distress. J Abnorm Psychol. 2004;113:189\u201397.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2396_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00037","volume":"5","author":"CSE Weston","year":"2014","unstructured":"Weston CSE. Posttraumatic stress disorder: a theoretical model of the hyperarousal subtype. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:37.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12820","volume":"28","author":"A Gieselmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gieselmann A, Ait Aoudia M, Carr M, Germain A, Gorzka R, Holzinger B, et al. Aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder: state of the art and future perspectives. J Sleep Res. 2019;28:e12820.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2396_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen T. The stress acceleration hypothesis of nightmares. Front Neurol. 2017;8:201.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00201"},{"key":"2396_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024","volume":"37","author":"PR Zoladz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zoladz PR, Diamond DM. Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: a search for clarity in a conflicting literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37:860\u201395.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2396_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.02.005","volume":"144","author":"AA Campbell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Campbell AA, Wisco BE, Silvia PJ, Gay NG. Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia and posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychol. 2019;144:125\u201335.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"2396_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00071-4","volume":"54","author":"A Germain","year":"2003","unstructured":"Germain A, Nielsen TA. Sleep pathophysiology in posttraumatic stress disorder and idiopathic nightmare sufferers. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:1092\u20138.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2462","volume":"36","author":"P Simor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simor P, B\u00f3dizs R, Horv\u00e1th K, Ferri R. Disturbed dreaming and the instability of sleep: altered nonrapid eye movement sleep microstructure in individuals with frequent nightmares as revealed by the cyclic alternating pattern. Sleep. 2013;36:413\u20139.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2396_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002075","volume":"53","author":"T M\u00e4der","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00e4der T, Oliver KI, Daffre C, Kim S, Orr SP, Lasko NB, et al. Autonomic activity, posttraumatic and nontraumatic nightmares, and PTSD after trauma exposure. Psychol Med. 2023;53:731\u201340.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2396_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3464","volume":"16","author":"P-O Polack","year":"2013","unstructured":"Polack P-O, Friedman J, Golshani P. Cellular mechanisms of brain state\u2013dependent gain modulation in visual cortex. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:1331\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ENEURO.0108-18.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0108-18.2019","volume":"6","author":"D Clewett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clewett D, Murty VP. Echoes of emotions past: how neuromodulators determine what we recollect. eNeuro. 2019;6:ENEURO.0108-18.2019.","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"2396_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026187","volume":"125","author":"B Roozendaal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roozendaal B, McGaugh JL. Memory modulation. Behav Neurosci. 2011;125:797\u2013824.","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X16000017","volume":"39","author":"M Mather","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mather M, Clewett D, Sakaki M, Harley CW. GANEing traction: the broad applicability of NE hotspots to diverse cognitive and arousal phenomena. Behav Brain Sci. 2016;39:e228.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"2396_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2101-15.2016","volume":"36","author":"GT Waldhauser","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waldhauser GT, Braun V, Hanslmayr S. Episodic memory retrieval functionally relies on very rapid reactivation of sensory information. J Neurosci. 2016;36:251\u201360.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2021.170554","volume":"142","author":"MN Boucher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boucher MN, May V, Braas KM, Hammack SE. PACAP orchestration of stress-related responses in neural circuits. Peptides. 2021;142:170554.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2396_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.12.003","volume":"78","author":"SE Hammack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hammack SE, May V. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in stress-related disorders: data convergence from animal and human studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;78:167\u201377.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211795589382","volume":"17","author":"H Hashimoto","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hashimoto H, Shintani N, Tanida M, Hayata A, Hashimoto R, Baba A. PACAP is implicated in the stress axes. Curr Pharmacol Des. 2011;17:985\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Pharmacol Des"},{"key":"2396_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.06.022","volume":"86","author":"G Missig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Missig G, Roman CW, Vizzard MA, Braas KM, Hammack SE, May V. Parabrachial nucleus (PBn) pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) signaling in the amygdala: implication for the sensory and behavioral effects of pain. Neuropharmacology. 2014;86:38\u201348.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2396_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.06.003","volume":"36","author":"R Patel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Patel R, Spreng RN, Shin LM, Girard TA. Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and beyond: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36:2130\u201342.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2396_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.004","volume":"60","author":"SL Rauch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rauch SL, Shin LM, Phelps EA. Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research-past, present, and future. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60:376\u201382.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00635-8","volume":"18","author":"KJ Ressler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ressler KJ, Berretta S, Bolshakov VY, Rosso IM, Meloni EG, Rauch SL, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and translational neuroscience from cells to circuits. Nat Rev Neurol. 2022;18:273\u201388.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2396_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.007","volume":"1071","author":"LM Shin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shin LM, Rauch SL, Pitman RK. Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1071:67\u201379.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2396_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09856","volume":"470","author":"KJ Ressler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ressler KJ, Mercer KB, Bradley B, Jovanovic T, Mahan A, Kerley K, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with PACAP and the PAC1 receptor. Nature. 2011;470:492\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2396_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318954111","volume":"111","author":"JS Stevens","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stevens JS, Almli LM, Fani N, Gutman DA, Bradley B, Norrholm SD, et al. PACAP receptor gene polymorphism impacts fear responses in the amygdala and hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:3158\u201363.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2396_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01593-5","volume":"48","author":"KJ Clancy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Clancy KJ, Devignes Q, Kumar P, May V, Hammack SE, Akman E, et al. Circulating PACAP levels are associated with increased amygdala-default mode network resting-state connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;48:1245\u201354.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2396_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2017.1336535","volume":"20","author":"SB King","year":"2017","unstructured":"King SB, Toufexis DJ, Hammack SE. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), stress, and sex hormones. Stress. 2017;20:465\u201375.","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"2396_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486","volume":"30","author":"FW Weathers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weathers FW, Bovin MJ, Lee DJ, Sloan DM, Schnurr PP, Kaloupek DG, et al. The clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans. Psychol Assess. 2018;30:383\u201395.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"2396_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scrucca L, Fraley C, Murphy TB, Raftery AE. Model-based clustering, classification, and density estimation using mclust in R. New York: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2023.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003277965"},{"key":"2396_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0235-4","volume":"16","author":"O Esteban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Esteban O, Markiewicz CJ, Blair RW, Moodie CA, Isik AI, Erramuzpe A, et al. fMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI. Nat Methods. 2019;16:111\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2396_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20082","volume":"24","author":"S Eickhoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eickhoff S, Walters NB, Schleicher A, Kril J, Egan GF, Zilles K, et al. High-resolution MRI reflects myeloarchitecture and cytoarchitecture of the human cerebral cortex. Hum Brain Mapp. 2005;24:206\u201315.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2396_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-005-0025-5","volume":"210","author":"K Amunts","year":"2005","unstructured":"Amunts K, Kedo O, Kindler M, Pieperhoff P, Mohlberg H, Shah NJ, et al. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human amygdala, hippocampal region and entorhinal cortex: intersubject variability and probability maps. Anat Embryol. 2005;210:343\u201352.","journal-title":"Anat Embryol"},{"key":"2396_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<873::AID-SIM779>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"17","author":"RG Newcombe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Newcombe RG. Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods. Stat Med. 1998;17:873\u201390.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2396_CR50","unstructured":"Lenth R, Singmann H, Love J, Buerkner P, Herve M. Package \u2018emmeans\u2019. R package version. 2019;1(3.2)."},{"key":"2396_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9062","volume":"12","author":"J Oberpriller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oberpriller J, de Souza Leite M, Pichler M. Fixed or random? On the reliability of mixed-effects models for a small number of levels in grouping variables. Ecol Evolution. 2022;12:e9062.","journal-title":"Ecol Evolution"},{"key":"2396_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034","volume":"25","author":"SB Eickhoff","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eickhoff SB, Stephan KE, Mohlberg H, Grefkes C, Fink GR, Amunts K, et al. A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data. Neuroimage. 2005;25:1325\u201335.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2396_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608282113","volume":"113","author":"DS Margulies","year":"2016","unstructured":"Margulies DS, Ghosh SS, Goulas A, Falkiewicz M, Huntenburg JM, Langs G, et al. Situating the default-mode network along a principal gradient of macroscale cortical organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2016;113:12574\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2396_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salo T, Yarkoni T, Nichols TE, Poline J-B, Kent JD, Gorgolewski KJ, et al. NiMARE: neuroimaging meta-analysis research environment. NeuroLibre. 2022;1:7.","DOI":"10.55458\/neurolibre.00007"},{"key":"2396_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salo T, Yarkoni T, Nichols T, Poline J-B, Bilgel M, Bottenhorn K, et al. NiMARE: neuroimaging meta-analysis research environment. Aperture Neuro. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52294\/001c.87480.","DOI":"10.52294\/001c.87480"},{"key":"2396_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1635","volume":"8","author":"T Yarkoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yarkoni T, Poldrack RA, Nichols TE, Van Essen DC, Wager TD. Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data. Nat Methods. 2011;8:665\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2396_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00077-8","volume":"40","author":"A Ehlers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ehlers A, Hackmann A, Steil R, Clohessy S, Wenninger K, Winter H. The nature of intrusive memories after trauma: the warning signal hypothesis. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40:995\u20131002.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"2396_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90273-9","volume":"24","author":"LE Adler","year":"1988","unstructured":"Adler LE, Pang K, Gerhardt G, Rose GM. Modulation of the gating of auditory evoked potentials by norepinephrine: pharmacological evidence obtained using a selective neurotoxin. Biol Psychiatry. 1988;24:179\u201390.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04467.1994","volume":"14","author":"G Aston-Jones","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aston-Jones G, Rajkowski J, Kubiak P, Alexinsky T. Locus coeruleus neurons in monkey are selectively activated by attended cues in a vigilance task. J Neurosci. 1994;14:4467\u201380.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(03)00143-7","volume":"42","author":"CW Berridge","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berridge CW, Waterhouse BD. The locus coeruleus\u2013noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes. Brain Res Rev. 2003;42:33\u201384.","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"2396_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx116","volume":"140","author":"K Clancy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clancy K, Ding M, Bernat E, Schmidt NB, Li W. Restless \u201crest\u201d: intrinsic sensory hyperactivity and disinhibition in post-traumatic stress disorder. Brain. 2017;140:2041\u201350.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2396_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.05.051","volume":"28","author":"H Gelbard-Sagiv","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gelbard-Sagiv H, Magidov E, Sharon H, Hendler T, Nir Y. Noradrenaline modulates visual perception and late visually evoked activity. Curr Biol. 2018;28:2239\u20132249.e6.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2396_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.009","volume":"105","author":"J McBurney-Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"McBurney-Lin J, Lu J, Zuo Y, Yang H. Locus coeruleus-norepinephrine modulation of sensory processing and perception: a focused review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;105:190\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2396_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15989-0","volume":"11","author":"V Mehrpour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehrpour V, Martinez-Trujillo JC, Treue S. Attention amplifies neural representations of changes in sensory input at the expense of perceptual accuracy. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2128.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2396_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-10-03990.2003","volume":"23","author":"L Pessoa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pessoa L, Kastner S, Ungerleider LG. Neuroimaging studies of attention: from modulation of sensory processing to top-down control. J Neurosci. 2003;23:3990\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830200083012","volume":"54","author":"SM Southwick","year":"1997","unstructured":"Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Bremner JD, Morgan CA III, Nicolaou AL, Nagy LM, et al. Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:749\u201358.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00219-X","volume":"46","author":"SM Southwick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Southwick SM, Bremner JD, Rasmusson A, Morgan CA, Arnsten A, Charney DS. Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:1192\u2013204.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830150070011","volume":"54","author":"JD Bremner","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bremner JD, Innis RB, Ng CK, Staib LH, Salomon RM, Bronen RA, et al. Positron emission tomography measurement of cerebral metabolic correlates of yohimbine administration in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:246\u201354.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1299","volume":"155","author":"M Kellner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kellner M, Levengood R, Yehuda R, Wiedemann K. Provocation of a posttraumatic flashback by cholecystokinin tetrapeptide? Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1299.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.05.001","volume":"19","author":"RDV Nixon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nixon RDV, Bryant RA. Induced arousal and reexperiencing in acute stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2005;19:587\u201394.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"2396_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.05904.x","volume":"1220","author":"N Stroth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stroth N, Holighaus Y, Ait-Ali D, Eiden LE. PACAP: a master regulator of neuroendocrine stress circuits and the cellular stress response. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1220:49\u201359.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2396_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033","volume":"15","author":"M Davis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Davis M. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1992;15:353\u201375.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.10.010","volume":"145","author":"Y Ago","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ago Y, Hayata-Takano A, Kawanai T, Yamauchi R, Takeuchi S, Cushman JD, et al. Impaired extinction of cued fear memory and abnormal dendritic morphology in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices in VPAC2 receptor (VIPR2)-deficient mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2017;145:222\u201331.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2396_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14165","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1402-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"J-H Cho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cho J-H, Zushida K, Shumyatsky GP, Carlezon WA, Meloni EG, Bolshakov VY. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide induces postsynaptically expressed potentiation in the intra-amygdala circuit. J Neurosci. 2012;32:14165\u201377.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.11.003","volume":"64","author":"EG Meloni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meloni EG, Venkataraman A, Donahue RJ, Carlezon WA. Bi-directional effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) on fear-related behavior and c-Fos expression after fear conditioning in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;64:12\u201321.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2396_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2014.11.014","volume":"118","author":"SD Schmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidt SD, Myskiw JC, Furini CRG, Schmidt BE, Cavalcante LE, Izquierdo I. PACAP modulates the consolidation and extinction of the contextual fear conditioning through NMDA receptors. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2015;118:120\u20134.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2396_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31442-w","volume":"13","author":"ER Velasco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Velasco ER, Florido A, Flores \u00c1, Senabre E, Gomez-Gomez A, Torres A, et al. PACAP-PAC1R modulates fear extinction via the ventromedial hypothalamus. Nat Commun. 2022;13:4374.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2396_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.01.010","volume":"133","author":"AJ Kirry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kirry AJ, Herbst MR, Poirier SE, Maskeri MM, Rothwell AC, Twining RC, et al. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) signaling in the prefrontal cortex modulates cued fear learning, but not spatial working memory, in female rats. Neuropharmacology. 2018;133:145\u201354.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2396_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12418","volume":"132","author":"D Rabellino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rabellino D, Tursich M, Frewen PA, Daniels JK, Densmore M, Th\u00e9berge J, et al. Intrinsic connectivity networks in post-traumatic stress disorder during sub- and supraliminal processing of threat-related stimuli. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2015;132:365\u201378.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2396_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-016-0447-y","volume":"16","author":"J Ferri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ferri J, Schmidt J, Hajcak G, Canli T. Emotion regulation and amygdala-precuneus connectivity: Focusing on attentional deployment. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2016;16:991\u20131002.","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm048","volume":"18","author":"SM Daselaar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daselaar SM, Rice HJ, Greenberg DL, Cabeza R, LaBar KS, Rubin DC. The spatiotemporal dynamics of autobiographical memory: neural correlates of recall, emotional intensity, and reliving. Cereb Cortex. 2008;18:217\u201329.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2396_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.02.020","volume":"120","author":"G Mazzoni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mazzoni G, Clark A, De Bartolo A, Guerrini C, Nahouli Z, Duzzi D, et al. Brain activation in highly superior autobiographical memory: The role of the precuneus in the autobiographical memory retrieval network. Cortex. 2019;120:588\u2013602.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2396_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18260","volume":"5","author":"FR Richter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richter FR, Cooper RA, Bays PM, Simons JS. Distinct neural mechanisms underlie the success, precision, and vividness of episodic memory. eLife. 2016;5:e18260.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2396_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.12.004","volume":"17","author":"KD Young","year":"2018","unstructured":"Young KD, Siegle GJ, Misaki M, Zotev V, Phillips R, Drevets WC, et al. Altered task-based and resting-state amygdala functional connectivity following real-time fMRI amygdala neurofeedback training in major depressive disorder. NeuroImage Clin. 2018;17:691\u2013703.","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"2396_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8474","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0378-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"A Burgos-Robles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burgos-Robles A, Vidal-Gonz\u00e1lez I, Quirk GJ. Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are correlated with fear expression and extinction failure. J Neurosci. 2009;29:8474\u201382.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.11.004","volume":"15","author":"A Etkin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Etkin A, Egner T, Kalisch R. Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci. 2011;15:85\u201393.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2396_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3945","volume":"16","author":"P Tovote","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tovote P, Fadok JP, L\u00fcthi A. Neuronal circuits for fear and anxiety. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16:317\u201331.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arruda-Carvalho M, Clem RL. Prefrontal-amygdala fear networks come into focus. Front Syst Neurosci. 2015;9:145.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00145"},{"key":"2396_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14030","volume":"519","author":"FH Do-Monte","year":"2015","unstructured":"Do-Monte FH, Qui\u00f1ones-Laracuente K, Quirk GJ. A temporal shift in the circuits mediating retrieval of fear memory. Nature. 2015;519:460\u20133.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2396_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2015.07.001","volume":"124","author":"PK Cullen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cullen PK, Gilman TL, Winiecki P, Riccio DC, Jasnow AM. Activity of the anterior cingulate cortex and ventral hippocampus underlie increases in contextual fear generalization. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2015;124:19\u201327.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2396_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.67007","volume":"11","author":"MAX de Lima","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Lima MAX, Baldo MVC, Oliveira FA, Canteras NS. The anterior cingulate cortex and its role in controlling contextual fear memory to predatory threats. eLife. 2022;11:e67007.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2396_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094804","volume":"304","author":"PW Frankland","year":"2004","unstructured":"Frankland PW, Bontempi B, Talton LE, Kaczmarek L, Silva AJ. The involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex in remote contextual fear memory. Science. 2004;304:881\u20133.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2396_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8456","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016275108","volume":"108","author":"G Vetere","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vetere G, Restivo L, Cole CJ, Ross PJ, Ammassari-Teule M, Josselyn SA, et al. Spine growth in the anterior cingulate cortex is necessary for the consolidation of contextual fear memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:8456\u201360.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2396_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgab045","volume":"2","author":"MB Bone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bone MB, Buchsbaum BR. Detailed episodic memory depends on concurrent reactivation of basic visual features within the posterior hippocampus and early visual cortex. Cereb Cortex Commun. 2021;2:tgab045.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex Commun"},{"key":"2396_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02486-9","volume":"29","author":"KJ Clancy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Clancy KJ, Devignes Q, Ren B, Pollmann Y, Nielsen SR, Howell K, et al. Spatiotemporal dynamics of hippocampal-cortical networks underlying the unique phenomenological properties of trauma-related intrusive memories. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29:2161\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11125","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.20.11125","volume":"97","author":"ME Wheeler","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wheeler ME, Petersen SE, Buckner RL. Memory\u2019s echo: Vivid remembering reactivates sensory-specific cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2000;97:11125\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2396_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3008","volume":"12","author":"DJ Kravitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kravitz DJ, Saleem KS, Baker CI, Mishkin M. A new neural framework for visuospatial processing. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12:217\u201330.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0202-9","volume":"20","author":"J Pearson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pearson J. The human imagination: the cognitive neuroscience of visual mental imagery. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019;20:624\u201334.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa312","volume":"31","author":"D Schubring","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schubring D, Schupp HT. Emotion and brain oscillations: high arousal is associated with decreases in alpha- and lower beta-band power. Cereb Cortex. 2021;31:1597\u2013608.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2396_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.025","volume":"55","author":"TPK Breckel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Breckel TPK, Giessing C, Thiel CM. Impact of brain networks involved in vigilance on processing irrelevant visual motion. NeuroImage. 2011;55:1754\u201362.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2396_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5386.108","volume":"282","author":"S Kastner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kastner S, De Weerd P, Desimone R, Ungerleider LG. Mechanisms of directed attention in the human extrastriate cortex as revealed by functional MRI. Science. 1998;282:108\u201311.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2396_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0840-4","volume":"19","author":"TJ Akiki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akiki TJ, Averill CL, Abdallah CG. A network-based neurobiological model of PTSD: evidence from structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19:81.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"2396_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.005","volume":"176","author":"TJ Akiki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akiki TJ, Averill CL, Wrocklage KM, Scott JC, Averill LA, Schweinsburg B, et al. Default mode network abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder: a novel network-restricted topology approach. Neuroimage. 2018;176:489\u201398.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2396_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clancy KJ, Andrzejewski JA, Simon J, Ding M, Schmidt NB, Li W. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with \u03b1 dysrhythmia across the visual cortex and the default mode network. eNeuro. 2020;7.","DOI":"10.1101\/19011841"},{"key":"2396_CR105","first-page":"363","volume":"2","author":"DR Miller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miller DR, Hayes SM, Hayes JP, Spielberg JM, Lafleche G, Verfaellie M. Default mode network subsystems are differentially disrupted in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2017;2:363\u201371.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2396_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3339","volume":"13","author":"RK Pitman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pitman RK, Rasmusson AM, Koenen KC, Shin LM, Orr SP, Gilbertson MW, et al. Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:769\u201387.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e318273bf33","volume":"74","author":"RK Sripada","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sripada RK, King AP, Welsh RC, Garfinkel SN, Wang X, Sripada CS, et al. Neural dysregulation in posttraumatic stress disorder: evidence for disrupted equilibrium between salience and default mode brain networks. Psychosom Med. 2012;74:904\u201311.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2396_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103426","volume":"38","author":"BE Kearney","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kearney BE, Terpou BA, Densmore M, Shaw SB, Th\u00e9berge J, Jetly R, et al. How the body remembers: examining the default mode and sensorimotor networks during moral injury autobiographical memory retrieval in PTSD. Neuroimage Clin. 2023;38:103426.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2396_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00324-z","volume":"2","author":"BE Kearney","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kearney BE, Lanius RA. Why reliving is not remembering and the unique neurobiological representation of traumatic memory. Nat Ment Health. 2024;2:1142\u201351.","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"key":"2396_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57963-2","volume":"10","author":"KJ Clancy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clancy KJ, Albizu A, Schmidt NB, Li W. Intrinsic sensory disinhibition contributes to intrusive re-experiencing in combat veterans. Sci Rep. 2020;10:936.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2396_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.197","volume":"39","author":"VM Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown VM, LaBar KS, Haswell CC, Gold AL, McCarthy G, Morey RA. Altered resting-state functional connectivity of basolateral and centromedial amygdala complexes in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;39:351\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2396_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104","volume":"66","author":"A Etkin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Etkin A, Prater KE, Schatzberg AF, Menon V, Greicius MD. Disrupted amygdalar subregion functional connectivity and evidence of a compensatory network in generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:1361\u201372.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.11.030","volume":"45","author":"AK Roy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roy AK, Shehzad Z, Margulies DS, Kelly AMC, Uddin LQ, Gotimer K, et al. Functional connectivity of the human amygdala using resting state fMRI. NeuroImage. 2009;45:614\u201326.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2396_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.12.010","volume":"52","author":"AK Roy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roy AK, Fudge JL, Kelly C, Perry JSA, Daniele T, Carlisi C, et al. Intrinsic functional connectivity of amygdala-based networks in adolescent generalized anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52:290\u2013299.e2.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brewin CR. Re-experiencing traumatic events in PTSD: new avenues in research on intrusive memories and flashbacks. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2015;6:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v6.27180.","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v6.27180"},{"key":"2396_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1015749","volume":"16","author":"BE Kearney","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kearney BE, Lanius RA. The brain-body disconnect: a somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:1015749.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102490","volume":"28","author":"AA Nicholson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicholson AA, Ros T, Densmore M, Frewen PA, Neufeld RWJ, Th\u00e9berge J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of alpha-rhythm EEG neurofeedback in posttraumatic stress disorder: a preliminary investigation showing evidence of decreased PTSD symptoms and restored default mode and salience network connectivity using fMRI. Neuroimage Clin. 2020;28:102490.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"2396_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy096","volume":"13","author":"KJ Clancy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clancy KJ, Baisley SK, Albizu A, Kartvelishvili N, Ding M, Li W. Lasting connectivity increase and anxiety reduction via transcranial alternating current stimulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2018;13:1305\u201316.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"2396_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab217","volume":"32","author":"N Herz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herz N, Bar-Haim Y, Tavor I, Tik N, Sharon H, Holmes EA, et al. Neuromodulation of the visual cortex reduces the intensity of intrusive memories. Cereb Cortex. 2021;32:408\u201317.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2396_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110868119","volume":"119","author":"KJ Clancy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clancy KJ, Andrzejewski JA, You Y, Rosenberg JT, Ding M, Li W. Transcranial stimulation of alpha oscillations up-regulates the default mode network. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119:e2110868119.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2396_CR121","unstructured":"Lanius R. Sensory Motor Arousal Regulation Treatment (SMART) Study. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06035809. Available at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06035809."},{"key":"2396_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e978","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.241","volume":"6","author":"KB Mercer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mercer KB, Dias B, Shafer D, Maddox SA, Mulle JG, Hu P, et al. Functional evaluation of a PTSD-associated genetic variant: estradiol regulation and ADCYAP1R1. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6:e978\u2013e978.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2396_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.12.2.210","volume":"12","author":"ES Kubany","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kubany ES, Leisen MB, Kaplan AS, Watson SB, Haynes SN, Owens JA, et al. Development and preliminary validation of a brief broad-spectrum measure of trauma exposure: the traumatic life events questionnaire. Psychol Assess. 2000;12:210\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"}],"container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-026-02396-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-026-02396-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-026-02396-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:03:46Z","timestamp":1790089426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-026-02396-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-026-02396-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-133X","1740-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-133X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"WAC and KJR are members of the NPP Editorial Board. For completeness of disclosure: SLR has been employed by Mass General Brigham\/McLean Hospital; paid as secretary of Society of Biological Psychiatry, and for Board service to Mindpath Health\/Community Psychiatry and National Association of Behavioral Healthcare; served as volunteer member of the Board for Anxiety & Depression Association of America, and The National Network of Depression Centers; received royalties from Oxford University Press, American Psychiatric Publishing Inc, and Springer Publishing; received research funding from NIMH. Within the past 3 years, WAC has served as a consultant for Psy Therapeutics and has had sponsored research agreements with Cerevel Therapeutics and Delix Therapeutics. KJR has performed scientific consultation for Bioxcel, Bionomics, Acer, and Jazz Pharma; serves on Scientific Advisory Boards for Sage, Boehringer Ingelheim, Senseye, and the Brain Research Foundation. He has received sponsored research support from Alto Neuroscience. None of these relationships is related to the current manuscript. The remaining authors have no disclosures.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}