{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T09:49:11Z","timestamp":1782208151026,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56-MH137332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56-MH137332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56-MH137332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56-MH137332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56-MH137332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56-MH137332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56-MH137332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56-MH137332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evolutionarily conserved neural circuits evolved that mediate switching between feeding and foraging for food, depending on environmental conditions such as food scarcity and internal state [1\u20133]. Activity-based anorexia is a phenomenon observed ubiquitously in normal mammals that emerges under conditions of time-restricted food availability and continuous access to running wheels. Under these experimental conditions, rodents progressively lose body weight and develop paradoxical hypophagia and compulsive wheel running, which can prove fatal if left unchecked. On the other hand, rodents survive indefinitely under conditions of either time-restricted food access or running wheel availability. In this review, we discuss preclinical studies within the past decade which used modern genetic circuit-dissecting tools including chemogenetic, optogenetic, and calcium imaging, to dissect the neural circuitry modulating activity-based anorexia. We highlight how circuits interconnecting the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, mesolimbic system, and monoaminergic nuclei, interact to modulate animals\u2019 decision to feed or forage in the activity-based anorexia paradigm. We then highlight how these recent findings have aided in identifying pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by the maladaptive prioritization of exercise over feeding. Finally, we suggest approaches for the development of targeted therapeutics for anorexia nervosa, which has no approved pharmacological treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-026-02403-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:24:01Z","timestamp":1775561041000},"page":"1355-1362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural circuits regulating activity-based anorexia"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8318-3173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongmin","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1281-782X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Dulawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2403_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109377","volume":"380","author":"H Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim H, Subedi M, Josic K. Emergence of multiple foraging strategies under competition. Math Biosci. 2025;380:109377.","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"2403_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002179","volume":"61","author":"AW Illius","year":"2002","unstructured":"Illius AW, Tolkamp BJ, Yearsley J. The evolution of the control of food intake. Proc Nutr Soc. 2002;61:465\u201372.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2403_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5425","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.246660","volume":"591","author":"S Grillner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grillner S, Robertson B, Stephenson-Jones M. The evolutionary origin of the vertebrate basal ganglia and its role in action selection. J Physiol. 2013;591:5425\u201331.","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2403_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1086\/282454","volume":"100","author":"RH Macarthur","year":"1966","unstructured":"Macarthur RH, Pianka ER. On optimal use of a patchy environment. Am Nat. 1966;100:603.","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"2403_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1037\/h0025205","volume":"64","author":"A Routtenberg","year":"1967","unstructured":"Routtenberg A, Kuznesof AW. Self-starvation of rats living in activity wheels on a restricted feeding schedule. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1967;64:414\u201321.","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"2403_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-458-2_25","volume":"829","author":"SJ Klenotich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klenotich SJ, Dulawa SC. The activity-based anorexia mouse model. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;829:377\u201393.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2403_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foldi CJ. Taking better advantage of the activity-based anorexia model. Trends Mol Med. 2024;30:330\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.11.011"},{"key":"2403_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00481-x","volume":"9","author":"S Spadini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Spadini S, Ferro M, Lamanna J, Malgaroli A. Activity-based anorexia animal model: a review of the main neurobiological findings. J Eat Disord. 2021;9:123.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1037\/h0060276","volume":"47","author":"JF Hall","year":"1954","unstructured":"Hall JF, Hanford PV. Activity as a function of a restricted feeding schedule. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1954;47:362\u20133.","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"2403_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1037\/h0062565","volume":"46","author":"JF Hall","year":"1953","unstructured":"Hall JF, Smith K, Schnitzer SB, Hanford PV. Elevation of activity level in the rat following transition from ad libitum to restricted feeding. J Comp Physiol Psych. 1953;46:429\u201333.","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psych"},{"key":"2403_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.7.1217","volume":"123","author":"VR Burden","year":"1993","unstructured":"Burden VR, White BD, Dean RG, Martin RJ. Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is elevated in rats with activity-based anorexia. J Nutr. 1993;123:1217\u201325.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2403_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.06.022","volume":"90","author":"LK Milton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Milton LK, Mirabella PN, Greaves E, Spanswick DC, van den Buuse M, Oldfield BJ, et al. Suppression of corticostriatal circuit activity improves cognitive flexibility and prevents body weight loss in activity-based anorexia in rats. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;90:819\u201328.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(76)90215-8","volume":"16","author":"GP Vincent","year":"1976","unstructured":"Vincent GP, Pare WP. Activity-stress ulcer in the rat, hamster, gerbil and guinea pig. Physiol Behav. 1976;16:557\u201360.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2403_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337853","volume":"5","author":"GP Vincent","year":"1977","unstructured":"Vincent GP, Pare WP, Isom KE, Reeves JM. Activity-stress gastric lesions in chipmunk (tamias-striatus). Physiol Psychol. 1977;5:449\u201352.","journal-title":"Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"2403_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.09.012","volume":"38","author":"M Duclos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Duclos M, Ouerdani A, Mormede P, Konsman JP. Food restriction-induced hyperactivity: addiction or adaptation to famine? Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38:884\u201397.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2403_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.110.4.745","volume":"110","author":"S Guisinger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guisinger S. Adapted to flee famine: adding an evolutionary perspective on anorexia nervosa. Psychol Rev. 2003;110:745\u201361.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2403_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.12.003","volume":"82","author":"B Scolnick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scolnick B, Mostofsky DI. Anorexia nervosa: a rogue hibernation? Med Hypotheses. 2014;82:231\u20135.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2403_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.11.006","volume":"142","author":"C Davis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davis C, Kaptein S. Anorexia nervosa with excessive exercise: a phenotype with close links to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2006;142:209\u201317.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2403_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24130","volume":"57","author":"K Conn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conn K, Huang K, Gorrell S, Foldi CJ. A transdiagnostic and translational framework for delineating the neuronal mechanisms of compulsive exercise in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2024;57:1406\u201317.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(95)02003-9","volume":"53","author":"M Altemus","year":"1996","unstructured":"Altemus M, Glowa JR, Galliven E, Leong YM, Murphy DL. Effects of serotonergic agents on food-restriction-induced hyperactivity. Pharm Biochem Behav. 1996;53:123\u201331.","journal-title":"Pharm Biochem Behav"},{"key":"2403_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.109","volume":"5","author":"SJ Klenotich","year":"2015","unstructured":"Klenotich SJ, Ho EV, McMurray MS, Server CH, Dulawa SC. Dopamine D2\/3 receptor antagonism reduces activity-based anorexia. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e613.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.06.005","volume":"21","author":"LA Verhagen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verhagen LA, Egecioglu E, Luijendijk MC, Hillebrand JJ, Adan RA, Dickson SL. Acute and chronic suppression of the central ghrelin signaling system reveals a role in food anticipatory activity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;21:384\u201392.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2403_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.7","volume":"37","author":"SJ Klenotich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Klenotich SJ, Seiglie MP, McMurray MS, Roitman JD, Le Grange D, Dugad P, et al. Olanzapine, but not fluoxetine, treatment increases survival in activity-based anorexia in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:1620\u201331.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2403_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.008","volume":"58","author":"JJ Hillebrand","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hillebrand JJ, van Elburg AA, Kas MJ, van Engeland H, Adan RA. Olanzapine reduces physical activity in rats exposed to activity-based anorexia: possible implications for treatment of anorexia nervosa? Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:651\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.011","volume":"58","author":"JJ Hillebrand","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hillebrand JJ, Koeners MP, de Rijke CE, Kas MJ, Adan RA. Leptin treatment in activity-based anorexia. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:165\u201371.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2009.01.001","volume":"79","author":"L Luyten","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luyten L, Welkenhuysen M, van Kuyck K, Fieuws S, Das J, Sciot R, et al. The effects of electrical stimulation or an electrolytic lesion in the mediodorsal thalamus of the rat on survival, body weight, food intake and running activity in the activity-based anorexia model. Brain Res Bull. 2009;79:116\u201322.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"2403_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01932-w","volume":"28","author":"AK Sutton Hickey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutton Hickey AK, Duane SC, Mickelsen LE, Karolczak EO, Shamma AM, Skillings A, et al. AgRP neurons coordinate the mitigation of activity-based anorexia. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:1622\u201335.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-00300-8","volume":"2","author":"MC Miletta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miletta MC, Iyilikci O, Shanabrough M, Sestan-Pesa M, Cammisa A, Zeiss CJ, et al. AgRP neurons control compulsive exercise and survival in an activity-based anorexia model. Nat Metab. 2020;2:1204\u201311.","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"2403_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.06.006","volume":"580","author":"E Schele","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schele E, Stoltenborg I, Poelman R, Adan RAH, Dickson SL. Chemogenetic re-activation of a neuronal ensemble in the lateral hypothalamus that is active during activity-based anorexia in mice modulates feeding and running activity. Neuroscience. 2025;580:35\u201345.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2403_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46874-9","volume":"15","author":"R Walle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walle R, Petitbon A, Fois GR, Varin C, Montalban E, Hardt L, et al. Nucleus accumbens D1- and D2-expressing neurons control the balance between feeding and activity-mediated energy expenditure. Nat Commun. 2024;15:2543.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2403_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welch AC, Zhang J, Lyu J, McMurray MS, Javitch JA, Kellendonk C, et al. Dopamine D2 receptor overexpression in the nucleus accumbens core induces robust weight loss during scheduled fasting selectively in female mice. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:3765\u201377.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0633-8"},{"key":"2403_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnapp WI, Kim J, Wang Y, Timilsena S, Fang C, Cai H. Development of activity-based anorexia requires PKC-delta neurons in two central extended amygdala nuclei. Cell Rep. 2024;43:113933.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113933"},{"key":"2403_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.63","volume":"42","author":"CJ Foldi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Foldi CJ, Milton LK, Oldfield BJ. The role of mesolimbic reward neurocircuitry in prevention and rescue of the activity-based anorexia (ABA) phenotype in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42:2292\u2013300.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2403_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01062-0","volume":"25","author":"X Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai X, Liu H, Feng B, Yu M, He Y, Liu H, et al. A D2 to D1 shift in dopaminergic inputs to midbrain 5-HT neurons causes anorexia in mice. Nat Neurosci. 2022;25:646\u201358.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02507-9","volume":"227","author":"M Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du M, Santiago A, Akiz C, Aoki C. GABAergic interneurons\u2019 feedback inhibition of dorsal raphe-projecting pyramidal neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex suppresses feeding of adolescent female mice undergoing activity-based anorexia. Brain Struct Funct. 2022;227:2127\u201351.","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2403_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Solis AJ, Del Rio-Martin A, Radermacher J, Chen W, Steuernagel L, Bauder CA, et al. Reciprocal activity of AgRP and POMC neurons governs coordinated control of feeding and metabolism. Nat Metab. 2024;6:473\u201393.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-00987-z"},{"key":"2403_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2739","volume":"14","author":"Y Aponte","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aponte Y, Atasoy D, Sternson SM. AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14:351\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11270","volume":"488","author":"D Atasoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Atasoy D, Betley JN, Su HH, Sternson SM. Deconstruction of a neural circuit for hunger. Nature. 2012;488:172.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2403_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46229","volume":"121","author":"MJ Krashes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krashes MJ, Koda S, Ye C, Rogan SC, Adams AC, Cusher DS, et al. Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:1424\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2403_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.033","volume":"160","author":"Y Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen Y, Lin YC, Kuo TW, Knight ZA. Sensory detection of food rapidly modulates arcuate feeding circuits. Cell. 2015;160:829\u201341.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2403_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y, Lin YC, Zimmerman CA, Essner RA, Knight ZA. Hunger neurons drive feeding through a sustained, positive reinforcement signal. Elife. 2016;5:e18640.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18640"},{"key":"2403_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20510","volume":"41","author":"AJ Brown","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brown AJ, Avena NM, Hoebel BG. A high-fat diet prevents and reverses the development of activity-based anorexia in rats. Int J Eat Disord. 2008;41:383\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14788","volume":"9","author":"CM Daimon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Daimon CM, Hentges ST. beta-endorphin differentially contributes to food anticipatory activity in male and female mice undergoing activity-based anorexia. Physiol Rep. 2021;9:e14788.","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"2403_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R219","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00313.2021","volume":"322","author":"CM Daimon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daimon CM, Hentges ST. Inhibition of POMC neurons in mice undergoing activity-based anorexia selectively blunts food anticipatory activity without affecting body weight or food intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2022;322:R219\u2013R27.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2403_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07880.x","volume":"34","author":"LA Verhagen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verhagen LA, Luijendijk MC, de Groot JW, van Dommelen LP, Klimstra AG, Adan RA, et al. Anticipation of meals during restricted feeding increases activity in the hypothalamus in rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;34:1485\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3767","volume":"17","author":"HJ Cai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cai HJ, Haubensak W, Anthony TE, Anderson DJ. Central amygdala PKC-\u03b4+ neurons mediate the influence of multiple anorexigenic signals. Nat Neurosci. 2014;17:1240\u201348.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Kim J, Schmit MB, Cho TS, Fang CH, Cai HJ. A bed nucleus of stria terminalis microcircuit regulating inflammation-associated modulation of feeding. Nat Commun. 2019;10:2769.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10715-x"},{"key":"2403_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1836-20.2020","volume":"41","author":"HE Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li HE, Rossi MA, Watson GDR, Moore HG, Cai MT, Kim N, et al. Hypothalamic-extended amygdala circuit regulates temporal discounting. J Neurosci. 2021;41:1928\u201340.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02427-6","volume":"29","author":"J Castel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castel J, Li G, Onimus O, Leishman E, Cani PD, Bradshaw H, et al. NAPE-PLD in the ventral tegmental area regulates reward events, feeding and energy homeostasis. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29:1478\u201390.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-019-00442-z","volume":"34","author":"MY Jing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jing MY, Han X, Zhao TY, Wang ZY, Lu GY, Wu N, et al. Re-examining the role of ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons in motor activity and reinforcement by chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulation in mice. Metab Brain Dis. 2019;34:1421\u201330.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"2403_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113152","volume":"227","author":"I Morales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morales I, Berridge KC. Liking\u2019 and \u2018wanting\u2019 in eating and food reward: Brain mechanisms and clinical implications. Physiol Behav. 2020;227:113152.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2403_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2009.10.004","volume":"31","author":"NS Narayanan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Narayanan NS, Guarnieri DJ, DiLeone RJ. Metabolic hormones, dopamine circuits, and feeding. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2010;31:104\u201312.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2403_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.102.4.544","volume":"102","author":"LH Gold","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gold LH, Swerdlow NR, Koob GF. The role of mesolimbic dopamine in conditioned locomotion produced by amphetamine. Behav Neurosci. 1988;102:544\u201352.","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(76)90352-6","volume":"40","author":"PH Kelly","year":"1976","unstructured":"Kelly PH, Iversen SD. Selective 6ohda-induced destruction of mesolimbic dopamine neurons - abolition of psychostimulant-induced locomotor-activity in rats. Eur J Pharm. 1976;40:45\u201356.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm"},{"key":"2403_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178506","volume":"88","author":"AR Cools","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cools AR. Mesolimbic dopamine and its control of locomotor-activity in rats - differences in pharmacology and light dark periodicity between the olfactory tubercle and the nucleus-accumbens. Psychopharmacology. 1986;88:451\u201359.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2403_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1417.003","volume":"1129","author":"RD Palmiter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Palmiter RD. Dopamine signaling in the dorsal striatum is essential for motivated behaviors: lessons from dopamine-deficient mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1129:35\u201346.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2403_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.74","volume":"41","author":"L Boekhoudt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boekhoudt L, Roelofs TJM, de Jong JW, de Leeuw AE, Luijendijk MCM, Wolterink-Donselaar IG, et al. Does activation of midbrain dopamine neurons promote or reduce feeding? Int J Obes (Lond). 2017;41:1131\u201340.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2403_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101634","volume":"66","author":"Q Ye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ye Q, Nunez J, Zhang X. Raphe serotonin projections dynamically regulate feeding behavior through targeting inhibitory circuits from rostral zona incerta to paraventricular thalamus. Mol Metab. 2022;66:101634.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"2403_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0376-5","volume":"22","author":"K Yoshida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoshida K, Drew MR, Mimura M, Tanaka KF. Serotonin-mediated inhibition of ventral hippocampus is required for sustained goal-directed behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2019;22:770\u201377.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113139","volume":"403","author":"WE Pratt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pratt WE, Vaca-Tricerri R, Blanchard AC, Hopkins TR, Ilesanmi AO, Pierce-Messick Z, et al. Selective serotonin receptor stimulation of the ventral tegmentum differentially affects appetitive motivation for sugar on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Behav Brain Res. 2021;403:113139.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"2403_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.003","volume":"58","author":"GK Frank","year":"2005","unstructured":"Frank GK, Bailer UF, Henry SE, Drevets W, Meltzer CC, Price JC, et al. Increased dopamine D2\/D3 receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and [11c]raclopride. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;58:908\u201312.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11617","volume":"492","author":"MR Warden","year":"2012","unstructured":"Warden MR, Selimbeyoglu A, Mirzabekov JJ, Lo M, Thompson KR, Kim SY, et al. A prefrontal cortex-brainstem neuronal projection that controls response to behavioural challenge. Nature. 2012;492:428\u201332.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2403_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9917","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09917.2001","volume":"21","author":"P Celada","year":"2001","unstructured":"Celada P, Puig MV, Casanovas JM, Guillazo G, Artigas F. Control of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons by the medial prefrontal cortex: Involvement of serotonin-1A, GABA, and glutamate receptors. J Neurosci. 2001;21:9917\u201329.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingo-Rodriguez L, Ruiz de Azua I, Dominguez E, Senabre E, Serra I, Kummer S, et al. A specific prelimbic-nucleus accumbens pathway controls resilience versus vulnerability to food addiction. Nat Commun. 2020;11:782.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14458-y"},{"key":"2403_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00380-6","volume":"76","author":"N Gorelova","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gorelova N, Yang CR. The course of neural projection from the prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens in the rat. Neuroscience. 1997;76:689\u2013706.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2403_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.09.018","volume":"293","author":"L Frintrop","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frintrop L, Trinh S, Liesbrock J, Paulukat L, Kas MJ, Tolba R, et al. Establishment of a chronic activity-based anorexia rat model. J Neurosci Methods. 2018;293:191\u201398.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2403_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.10.002","volume":"90","author":"SC Dulawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dulawa SC. Overlapping Neural Circuitry Links Cognitive Flexibility and Activity-Based Anorexia. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;90:803\u201305.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.06.013","volume":"179","author":"PJ Allen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allen PJ, Jimerson DC, Kanarek RB, Kocsis B. Impaired reversal learning in an animal model of anorexia nervosa. Physiol Behav. 2017;179:313\u201318.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2403_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-022-01415-5","volume":"27","author":"S Yazdani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yazdani S, Bloomberg Z, Klauber R, Meresh E. Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder emerging during COVID-19 pandemic resulting in superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Eat Weight Disord. 2022;27:2943\u201345.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kambanis PE, Mancuso CJ, Becker KR, Eddy KT, Thomas JJ, De Young KP. Course of avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder: Emergence of overvaluation of shape\/weight. J Eat Disord. 2024;12:54.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-01001-3"},{"key":"2403_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0439-2","volume":"51","author":"HJ Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson HJ, Yilmaz Z, Thornton LM, Hubel C, Coleman JRI, Gaspar HA, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa. Nat Genet. 2019;51:1207\u201314.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2403_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0115-4","volume":"25","author":"Z Yilmaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yilmaz Z, Halvorsen M, Bryois J, Yu D, Thornton LM, Zerwas S, et al. Examination of the shared genetic basis of anorexia nervosa and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:2036\u201346.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.5.652","volume":"146","author":"SD Hamburger","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hamburger SD, Swedo S, Whitaker A, Davies M, Rapoport JL. Growth rate in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:652\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.10.116","volume":"245","author":"A Abramovitch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abramovitch A, Anholt GE, Cooperman A, van Balkom A, Giltay EJ, Penninx BW, et al. Body mass index in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:145\u201351.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.10.004","volume":"35","author":"U Albert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Albert U, Aguglia A, Chiarle A, Bogetto F, Maina G. Metabolic syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a naturalistic Italian study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35:154\u20139.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1999.tb07224.x","volume":"99","author":"K Henninghausen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Henninghausen K, Rischmuller B, Heseker H, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Low body mass indices in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;99:267\u201373.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"2403_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2003.08.103","volume":"480","author":"P Gorwood","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gorwood P, Kipman A, Foulon C. The human genetics of anorexia nervosa. Eur J Pharm. 2003;480:163\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm"},{"key":"2403_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gorrell S, Collins AGE, Le Grange D, Yang TT. Dopaminergic activity and exercise behavior in anorexia nervosa. OBM Neurobiol. 2020;4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21926\/obm.neurobiol.2001053.","DOI":"10.21926\/obm.neurobiol.2001053"},{"key":"2403_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.021","volume":"27","author":"MA Rossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rossi MA, Stuber GD. Overlapping brain circuits for homeostatic and hedonic feeding. Cell Metab. 2018;27:42\u201356.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2403_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.01.003","volume":"36","author":"WH Kaye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Bailer UF, Simmons AN, Bischoff-Grethe A. Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels: the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36:110\u201320.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07040575","volume":"164","author":"A Wagner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wagner A, Aizenstein H, Venkatraman VK, Fudge J, May JC, Mazurkewicz L, et al. Altered reward processing in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1842\u201349.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09010071","volume":"167","author":"AK Fladung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fladung AK, Gron G, Grammer K, Herrnberger B, Schilly E, Grasteit S, et al. A neural signature of anorexia nervosa in the ventral striatal reward system. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167:206\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2013.10.004","volume":"94","author":"KE Giel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giel KE, Kullmann S, Preissl H, Bischoff SC, Thiel A, Schmidt U, et al. Understanding the reward system functioning in anorexia nervosa: crucial role of physical activity. Biol Psychol. 2013;94:575\u201381.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"2403_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2016.1198204","volume":"24","author":"LM Gianini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gianini LM, Klein DA, Call C, Mayer L, Foltin RW, Walsh BT, et al. The reinforcing effect of exercise in anorexia nervosa: clinical correlates and relationship to outcome. Eat Disord. 2016;24:412\u201323.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20247","volume":"39","author":"H Shroff","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shroff H, Reba L, Thornton LM, Tozzi F, Klump KL, Berrettini WH, et al. Features associated with excessive exercise in women with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:454\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.32356","volume":"43","author":"C Davis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Davis C, Woodside DB. Sensitivity to the rewarding effects of food and exercise in the eating disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2002;43:189\u201394.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.6.3072","volume":"84","author":"MR Delgado","year":"2000","unstructured":"Delgado MR, Nystrom LE, Fissell C, Noll DC, Fiez JA. Tracking the hemodynamic responses to reward and punishment in the striatum. J Neurophysiol. 2000;84:3072\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2403_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23503","volume":"54","author":"L Di Lodovico","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Lodovico L, Hatteea H, Couton C, Duriez P, Treasure J, Gorwood P. Physical exercise-related endophenotypes in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54:1181\u201388.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.043","volume":"175","author":"J Ren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ren J, Friedmann D, Xiong J, Liu CD, Ferguson BR, Weerakkody T, et al. Anatomically defined and functionally distinct dorsal raphe serotonin sub-systems. Cell. 2018;175:472\u201387 e20.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2403_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810300068010","volume":"48","author":"WH Kaye","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Gwirtsman HE, George DT, Ebert MH. Altered serotonin activity in anorexia nervosa after long-term weight restoration. Does elevated cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid level correlate with rigid and obsessive behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:556\u201362.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.12.1598","volume":"141","author":"WH Kaye","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Ebert MH, Gwirtsman HE, Weiss SR. Differences in brain serotonergic metabolism between nonbulimic and bulimic patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:1598\u2013601.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.885380","volume":"16","author":"T Macpherson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Macpherson T, Kim JY, Hikida T. Nucleus accumbens core dopamine D2 receptor-expressing neurons control reversal learning but not set-shifting in behavioral flexibility in male mice. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:885380.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2403_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11383","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514731112","volume":"112","author":"T Yamaguchi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yamaguchi T, Goto A, Nakahara I, Yawata S, Hikida T, Matsuda M, et al. Role of PKA signaling in D2 receptor-expressing neurons in the core of the nucleus accumbens in aversive learning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:11383\u201388.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2403_CR94","first-page":"995","volume":"4","author":"JPH Verharen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verharen JPH, Danner UN, Schroder S, Aarts E, van Elburg AA, Adan RAH. Insensitivity to Losses: A Core Feature in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa? Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2019;4:995\u20131003.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"2403_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007779107","volume":"107","author":"H Kober","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kober H, Mende-Siedlecki P, Kross EF, Weber J, Mischel W, Hart CL, et al. Prefrontal-striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:14811\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2403_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24538","volume":"58","author":"K Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang K, Magateshvaren Saras MA, Conn K, Greaves E, Reed F, Tyagi S, et al. Toward a genetic signature of resistance to activity-based anorexia in striatal projecting cortical neurons. Int J Eat Disord. 2025;58:2292\u2013305.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hambleton A, Le Grange D, Touyz S, Maguire S. Advancements in Family-Based Treatment of Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa: A Review of Access Barriers and Telehealth Solutions. Nutrients. 2025;17:2160.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132160"},{"key":"2403_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/02739615.2021.1984240","volume":"52","author":"S Forsberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Forsberg S, Gorrell S, Accurso EC, Trainor C, Garber A, Buckelew S, et al. Family-based treatment for pediatric eating disorders: Evidence and guidance for delivering integrated interdisciplinary care. Child Health Care. 2023;52:7\u201322.","journal-title":"Child Health Care"},{"key":"2403_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.971458","volume":"44","author":"J Lock","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lock J. An update on evidence-based psychosocial treatments for eating disorders in children and adolescents. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44:707\u201321.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"2403_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06854-9","volume":"25","author":"A Avila-Parcet","year":"2025","unstructured":"Avila-Parcet A, Martin-Blanco A, Gawron L, Cano M, Pena-Arteaga V, Carceller-Sindreu M, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of radically open dialectical behavior therapy (RO-DBT) in patients with anorexia nervosa: study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25:403.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calugi S, Dalle Grave A, Conti M, Dametti L, Chimini M, Dalle Grave R. The Role of Weight Suppression in Intensive Enhanced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa: A Longitudinal Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:3221.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043221"},{"key":"2403_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalle Grave R, Chimini M, Cattaneo G, Dalle Grave A, Ferretti L, Parolini S, et al. Intensive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa Outcomes before, during and after the COVID-19 Crisis. Nutrients. 2024;16:1411.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101411"},{"key":"2403_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.02.009","volume":"30","author":"C Bryson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bryson C, Douglas D, Schmidt U. Established and emerging treatments for eating disorders. Trends Mol Med. 2024;30:392\u2013402.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2403_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2020.1748600","volume":"21","author":"GKW Frank","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frank GKW. Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of anorexia nervosa - too much for one drug? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020;21:1045\u201358.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"2403_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.08.001","volume":"39","author":"K Holtkamp","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holtkamp K, Konrad K, Kaiser N, Ploenes Y, Heussen N, Grzella I, et al. A retrospective study of SSRI treatment in adolescent anorexia nervosa: insufficient evidence for efficacy. J Psychiatr Res. 2005;39:303\u201310.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2403_CR106","first-page":"227","volume":"51","author":"MC Marquez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marquez MC, Sanchez JM, Salazar AM, Martinez CV, Valderrama F, Rojas-Gualdron DF. Efficacy and safety of antipsychotics and antidepressants in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr (Engl Ed). 2022;51:227\u201335.","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Psiquiatr (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"2403_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2018-4946","volume":"56","author":"J Pruccoli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pruccoli J, Parmeggiani A. The role of mood stabilizers in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a 1-year follow-up, propensity score-matched study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2023;56:118\u201325.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22343","volume":"47","author":"JE Steinglass","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steinglass JE, Kaplan SC, Liu Y, Wang Y, Walsh BT. The (lack of) effect of alprazolam on eating behavior in anorexia nervosa: a preliminary report. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47:901\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02575-9","volume":"29","author":"K Conn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Conn K, Milton LK, Huang K, Munguba H, Ruuska J, Lemus MB, et al. Psilocybin restrains activity-based anorexia in female rats by enhancing cognitive flexibility: contributions from 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29:3291\u2013304.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02455-9","volume":"29","author":"SK Peck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peck SK, Shao S, Gruen T, Yang K, Babakanian A, Trim J, et al. Psilocybin therapy for females with anorexia nervosa: a phase 1, open-label feasibility study. Nat Med. 2023;29:1947\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2403_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170630163616","volume":"16","author":"S Siafis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Siafis S, Tzachanis D, Samara M, Papazisis G. Antipsychotic drugs: from receptor-binding profiles to metabolic side effects. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16:1210\u201323.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"2403_CR112","first-page":"1163","volume":"13","author":"MC Mauri","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mauri MC, Paletta S, Maffini M, Colasanti A, Dragogna F, Di Pace C, et al. Clinical pharmacology of atypical antipsychotics: an update. EXCLI J. 2014;13:1163\u201391.","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"2403_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22704","volume":"50","author":"GK Frank","year":"2017","unstructured":"Frank GK, Shott ME, Hagman JO, Schiel MA, DeGuzman MC, Rossi B. The partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist aripiprazole is associated with weight gain in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50:447\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22485","volume":"49","author":"GK Frank","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frank GK. Aripiprazole, a partial dopamine agonist to improve adolescent anorexia nervosa-A case series. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49:529\u201333.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2025.0013","volume":"35","author":"I Bindseil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bindseil I, Stutzman DL, Schiel MA, Sheffield K, Hagman J. Utility of aripiprazole in the treatment of anorexia nervosa in children and adolescents: a retrospective, descriptive, matched cohort study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2025;35:471\u201378.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2403_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3271","volume":"8","author":"A Tahillioglu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tahillioglu A, Ozcan T, Yuksel G, Majroh N, Kose S, Ozbaran B. Is aripiprazole a key to unlock anorexia nervosa?: A case series. Clin Case Rep. 2020;8:2827\u201334.","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"2403_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24036","volume":"57","author":"S Goodwin-Groen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goodwin-Groen S, Dong Y, Aoki C. Three daily intraperitoneal injections of sub-anesthetic ketamine ameliorate activity-based anorexia vulnerability of adult female mice. Int J Eat Disord. 2024;57:1447\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-023-02740-w","volume":"229","author":"J Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li J, Temizer R, Chen YW, Aoki C. Ketamine ameliorates activity-based anorexia of adolescent female mice through changes in GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors at postsynaptic cytoplasmic locations of pyramidal neurons and interneurons of medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Struct Funct. 2024;229:323\u201348.","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2403_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-025-01716-5","volume":"30","author":"AR Bahadori","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bahadori AR, Javadnia P, Bordbar S, Zafari R, Taherkhani T, Davari A, et al. Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eat Weight Disord. 2025;30:4.","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord"},{"key":"2403_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.11.FOCUS22616","volume":"54","author":"A Shaffer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shaffer A, Naik A, Bederson M, Arnold PM, Hassaneen W. Efficacy of deep brain stimulation for the treatment of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of patient-level data. Neurosurg Focus. 2023;54:E5.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"2403_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salimi M, Nazari M, Mishler J, Mishra J, Ramanathan DS. Divergent responses of glutamatergic and GABAergic prefrontal neurons underlie changes in excitability following low and high frequency repetitive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2025;18:1675\u201385.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.08.021"},{"key":"2403_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.07.018","volume":"113","author":"Z Yuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuan Z, Yang H, Wang P, Hou X, Xu K, Zhou Y, et al. Optimized deep brain stimulation for anterior cingulate cortex inhibition produces antidepressant-like effects in mice. Neuron. 2025;113:3363\u201373.e4.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2403_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02476-x","volume":"29","author":"N Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song N, Liu Z, Gao Y, Lu S, Yang S, Yuan C. NAc-DBS corrects depression-like behaviors in CUMS mouse model via disinhibition of DA neurons in the VTA. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29:1550\u201366.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.05.011","volume":"84","author":"CM Pinhal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinhal CM, van den Boom BJG, Santana-Kragelund F, Fellinger L, Bech P, Hamelink R, et al. Differential effects of deep brain stimulation of the internal capsule and the striatum on excessive grooming in Sapap3 mutant mice. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;84:917\u201325.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2403_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41026-x","volume":"14","author":"BJG van den Boom","year":"2023","unstructured":"van den Boom BJG, Elhazaz-Fernandez A, Rasmussen PA, van Beest EH, Parthasarathy A, Denys D, et al. Unraveling the mechanisms of deep-brain stimulation of the internal capsule in a mouse model. Nat Commun. 2023;14:5385.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-026-02403-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-026-02403-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-026-02403-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T09:14:54Z","timestamp":1782206094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41386-026-02403-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["2403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41386-026-02403-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-133X","1740-634X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-133X","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-634X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}