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The aim of the present study was to explore the potential hypoglycemic effects of IES and its possible mechanisms involving \u03b2 cells in diabetic rats.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Subjects\/Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Diabetic Goto\u2013Kakizaki (GK) rats were chronically implanted with one pair of electrodes in the duodenum. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed with or without IES, and plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and insulin level were measured. In the other two OGTT sessions, rats were treated with either Exendin (9\u201339) (GLP-1 antagonist) or Exendin (9\u201339) plus IES to investigate the underlying mechanism involving GLP-1. Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were also measured with or without IES. In a chronic study, GK rats were treated with IES or Sham-IES for 8 weeks. Blood glucose, plasma GLP-1 and insulin level, body weight, and food intake were measured. Pancreas weight, islet \u03b2-cell apoptosis, and proliferation were also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Acute IES reduced blood glucose level from 60 to 120\u2009min during OGTT by 16\u201320% (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, vs. Sham-IES). GLP-1 antagonist significantly blocked the inhibitory effect of IES on hyperglycemia from 15 to 120\u2009min (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). IES accelerated the small intestinal transit by 15% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004). After 8 weeks of chronic stimulation, IES significantly reduced blood glucose (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and body weight (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02) and increased the plasma GLP-1 concentration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Furthermore, we observed that chronic IES reduced pancreatic \u03b2-cell apoptosis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045), but showed no effects on \u03b2-cell proliferation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study firstly proved the hypoglycemic effect of IES in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes, possibly attributed to the increasing GLP-1 secretion and improvement in \u03b2-cell functions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-019-0072-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T11:04:47Z","timestamp":1549451087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intestinal electrical stimulation attenuates hyperglycemia and prevents loss of pancreatic \u03b2 cells in type 2 diabetic Goto\u2013Kakizaki rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jieyun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiande D. 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