{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:04:24Z","timestamp":1768403064979,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Training Program Scholarships funded by the Australian Commonwealth Government"},{"name":"William Southcott Fellowship from The University of Adelaide"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1158296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1158296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1103020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1103020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr. Diabetes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The rate of gastric emptying and glucoregulatory hormones are key determinants of postprandial glycaemia. Intragastric administration of L-tryptophan slows gastric emptying and reduces the glycaemic response to a nutrient drink in lean individuals and those with obesity. We investigated whether tryptophan decreases postprandial glycaemia and slows gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes (T2D).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Twelve men with T2D (age: 63\u2009\u00b1\u20092 years, HbA1c: 49.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u2009mmol\/mol, BMI: 30\u2009\u00b1\u20091\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) received, on three separate occasions, 3\u2009g (\u2018Trp-3\u2019) or 1.5\u2009g (\u2018Trp-1.5\u2019) tryptophan, or control (0.9% saline), intragastrically, in randomised, double-blind fashion, 30\u2009min before a mixed-nutrient drink (500\u2009kcal, 74\u2009g carbohydrates), containing 3\u2009g 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) to assess glucose absorption. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline, after tryptophan, and for 2\u2009h post-drink for measurements of plasma glucose, C-peptide, glucagon and 3-OMG. Gastric emptying of the drink was quantified using two-dimensional ultrasound.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Tryptophan alone stimulated C-peptide (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) and glucagon (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04), but did not affect fasting glucose. In response to the drink, Trp-3 lowered plasma glucose from <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915\u201330\u2009min and from <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200930\u201345\u2009min compared with control and Trp-1.5, respectively (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), with no differences in peak glucose between treatments. Gastric emptying tended to be slower after Trp-3, but not Trp-1.5, than control (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.06). Plasma C-peptide, glucagon and 3-OMG increased on all days, with no major differences between treatments.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In people with T2D, intragastric administration of 3\u2009g tryptophan modestly slows gastric emptying, associated with a delayed rise, but not an overall lowering of, postprandial glucose.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-020-00146-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T20:03:40Z","timestamp":1610049820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effects of intragastric administration of L-tryptophan on the glycaemic response to a nutrient drink in men with type 2 diabetes \u2014 impacts on gastric emptying, glucoregulatory hormones and glucose absorption"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hajishafiee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Elovaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonie K.","family":"Heilbronn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2214-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally D.","family":"Poppitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-0125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Feinle-Bisset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.202","volume":"11","author":"LK Phillips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phillips, L. K., Deane, A. M., Jones, K. L., Rayner, C. K. & Horowitz, M. Gastric emptying and glycaemia in health and diabetes mellitus. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 11, 112\u2013128 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"146_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296773","volume":"38","author":"WT Phillips","year":"1993","unstructured":"Phillips, W. T., Schwartz, J. G. & McMahan, C. A. Reduced postprandial blood glucose levels in recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetics secondary to pharmacologically induced delayed gastric emptying. Dig. Dis. Sci. 38, 51\u201358 (1993).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022528414264","volume":"48","author":"S Gonlachanvit","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gonlachanvit, S. et al. Effect of altering gastric emptying on postprandial plasma glucose concentrations following a physiologic meal in type-II diabetic patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. 48, 488\u2013497 (2003).","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"146_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.061333","volume":"98","author":"AT Ryan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ryan, A. T. et al. Effects of intraduodenal lipid and protein on gut motility and hormone release, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in lean men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 98, 300\u2013311 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"146_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1129-1","volume":"46","author":"M Krebs","year":"2003","unstructured":"Krebs, M. et al. Direct and indirect effects of amino acids on hepatic glucose metabolism in humans. Diabetologia 46, 917\u2013925 (2003).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"146_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0723","volume":"32","author":"J Ma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ma, J. et al. Effects of a protein preload on gastric emptying, glycemia, and gut hormones after a carbohydrate meal in diet-controlled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32, 1600\u20131602 (2009).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"146_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102465","volume":"11","author":"RA Elovaris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elovaris, R. A. et al. Plasma free amino acid responses to whey protein and their relationships with gastric emptying, blood glucose- and appetite-regulatory hormones and energy intake in lean healthy men. Nutrients 11, e2465 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061298","volume":"11","author":"M Hajishafiee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hajishafiee, M., Bitarafan, V. & Feinle-Bisset, C. Gastrointestinal sensing of meal-related signals in humans, and dysregulations in eating-related disorders. Nutrients 11, e1298 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32831b9e01","volume":"12","author":"M Potier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Potier, M., Darcel, N. & Tome, D. Protein, amino acids and the control of food intake. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 12, 54\u201358 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422411000175","volume":"25","author":"G Fromentin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fromentin, G. et al. Peripheral and central mechanisms involved in the control of food intake by dietary amino acids and proteins. Nutr. Res Rev. 25, 29\u201339 (2012).","journal-title":"Nutr. Res Rev."},{"key":"146_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.09.001","volume":"57","author":"D Kalogeropoulou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kalogeropoulou, D., Lafave, L., Schweim, K., Gannon, M. C. & Nuttall, F. Q. Leucine, when ingested with glucose, synergistically stimulates insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose. Metabolism 57, 1747\u20131752 (2008).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"146_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclnm.2008.05.001","volume":"3","author":"FQ Nuttall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nuttall, F. Q., Schweim, K. J. & Gannon, M. C. Effect of orally administered isoleucine with and without glucose on insulin, glucagon and glucose concentrations in non\u2010diabetic subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. Metab. 3, e152\u2013e158 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.252213","volume":"147","author":"SS Ullrich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ullrich, S. S. et al. Intragastric lysine lowers the circulating glucose and insulin responses to a mixed-nutrient drink without slowing gastric emptying in healthy adults. J. Nutr. 147, 1275\u20131281 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"146_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.140640","volume":"104","author":"SS Ullrich","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ullrich, S. S. et al. Intragastric administration of leucine or isoleucine lowers the blood glucose response to a mixed-nutrient drink by different mechanisms in healthy, lean volunteers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 104, 1274\u20131284 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"146_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040463","volume":"10","author":"SS Ullrich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ullrich, S. S. et al. Effects of intragastric administration of tryptophan on the blood glucose response to a nutrient drink and energy intake, in lean and obese men. Nutrients 10, e463 (2018).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"146_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1943","volume":"99","author":"RE Steinert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Steinert, R. E. et al. Effects of intraduodenal infusion of L-tryptophan on ad libitum eating, antropyloroduodenal motility, glycemia, insulinemia, and gut peptide secretion in healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, 3275\u20133284 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"146_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409094893","volume":"29","author":"M Edelbroek","year":"1994","unstructured":"Edelbroek, M. et al. Stereospecific effects of intraduodenal tryptophan on pyloric and duodenal motility in humans. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 29, 1088\u20131095 (1994).","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"146_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1994.tb01560.x","volume":"9","author":"BI Carney","year":"1994","unstructured":"Carney, B. I. et al. Stereospecific effects of tryptophan on gastric emptying and hunger in humans. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 557\u2013563 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"146_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166758","volume":"11","author":"AC Meyer-Gerspach","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meyer-Gerspach, A. C. et al. Effect of L-tryptophan and L-leucine on gut hormone secretion, appetite feelings and gastric emptying rates in lean and non-diabetic obese participants: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. PLoS One 11, e0166758 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"146_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.58.415","volume":"58","author":"T Inubushi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Inubushi, T. et al. L-tryptophan suppresses rise in blood glucose and preserves insulin secretion in type-2 diabetes mellitus rats. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 58, 415\u2013422 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"146_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-57-6-883","volume":"57","author":"JS Fordtran","year":"1962","unstructured":"Fordtran, J. S., Clodi, P. H., Soergel, K. H. & Ingelfinger, F. J. Sugar absorption tests, with special reference to 3-0-methyl-d-glucose and d-xylose. Ann. Intern. Med. 57, 883\u2013891 (1962).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"146_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6346.916","volume":"285","author":"DJ Ewing","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ewing, D. J. & Clarke, B. F. Diagnosis and management of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 285, 916\u2013918 (1982).","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"146_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050744","volume":"17","author":"Y Saisho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saisho, Y. Postprandial C-peptide to glucose ratio as a marker of \u03b2 cell function: implication for the management of type 2 diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, 744 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"146_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112666","volume":"11","author":"H Pham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pham, H. et al. The effects of a whey protein and guar gum-containing preload on gastric emptying, glycaemia, small intestinal absorption and blood pressure in healthy older subjects. Nutrients 11, 2666 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"146_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.6.816","volume":"38","author":"K Hveem","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hveem, K., Jones, K. L., Chatterton, B. E. & Horowitz, M. Scintigraphic measurement of gastric emptying and ultrasonographic assessment of antral area: relation to appetite. Gut 38, 816\u2013821 (1996).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"146_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/66.1.127","volume":"66","author":"KL Jones","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jones, K. L. et al. Relation between postprandial satiation and antral area in normal subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66, 127\u2013132 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"146_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.12.1117","volume":"24","author":"PJ Collins","year":"1983","unstructured":"Collins, P. J., Horowitz, M., Cook, D. J., Harding, P. E. & Shearman, D. J. Gastric emptying in normal subjects\u2013a reproducible technique using a single scintillation camera and computer system. Gut 24, 1117\u20131125 (1983).","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"146_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601768","volume":"58","author":"BA Parker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parker, B. A. et al. Relation between food intake and visual analogue scale ratings of appetite and other sensations in healthy older and young subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58, 212\u2013218 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"146_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.375","volume":"62","author":"MC Gannon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gannon, M. C. & Nuttall, F. Q. Amino acid ingestion and glucose metabolism\u2013a review. IUBMB Life 62, 660\u2013668 (2010).","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"146_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","volume":"30","author":"TD M\u00fcller","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, T. D. et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol. Metab. 30, 72\u2013130 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"146_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2015_9","volume":"233","author":"T Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, T., Rayner, C. K. & Horowitz, M. Incretins. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 233, 137\u2013171 (2016).","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"146_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116186","volume":"91","author":"MA Nauck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nauck, M. A. et al. Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 301\u2013307 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"146_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401145","volume":"36","author":"MA Nauck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nauck, M. A. et al. Normalization of fasting hyperglycaemia by exogenous glucagon-like peptide 1 (7\u201336 amide) in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 36, 741\u2013744 (1993).","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"146_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197808312990901","volume":"299","author":"P Raskin","year":"1978","unstructured":"Raskin, P. & Unger, R. H. Hyperglucagonemia and its suppression. Importance in the metabolic control of diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med 299, 433\u2013436 (1978).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"146_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.002","volume":"132","author":"MD Gershon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gershon, M. D. & Tack, J. The serotonin signaling system: from basic understanding to drug development for functional GI disorders. Gastroenterology 132, 397\u2013414 (2007).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"146_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1487","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90791.2008","volume":"295","author":"IM Brennan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brennan, I. M. et al. Dose-dependent effects of cholecystokinin-8 on antropyloroduodenal motility, gastrointestinal hormones, appetite, and energy intake in healthy men. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 295, E1487\u2013E1494 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"146_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1401","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00518.2009","volume":"298","author":"SH Young","year":"2010","unstructured":"Young, S. H., Rey, O., Sternini, C. & Rozengurt, E. Amino acid sensing by enteroendocrine STC-1 cells: role of the Na+-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 298, C1401\u2013C1413 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"146_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157298","volume":"11","author":"HV Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin, H. V. et al. GPR142 controls tryptophan-induced insulin and incretin hormone secretion to improve glucose metabolism. PLoS One 11, e0157298 (2016).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"146_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1521906","volume":"23","author":"I Acar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Acar, I., Cetinkaya, A., Lay, I. & Ileri-Gurel, E. The role of calcium sensing receptors in GLP-1 and PYY secretion after acute intraduodenal administration of L-Tryptophan in rats. Nutr. Neurosci. 23, 481\u2013489 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"146_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.10.012","volume":"19","author":"O Rudenko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rudenko, O. et al. The aromatic amino acid sensor GPR142 controls metabolism through balanced regulation of pancreatic and gut hormones. Mol. Metab. 19, 49\u201364 (2019).","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"146_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13101","volume":"225","author":"LR Cataldo Bascu\u00f1an","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cataldo Bascu\u00f1an, L. R., Lyons, C., Bennet, H., Artner, I. & Fex, M. Serotonergic regulation of insulin secretion. Acta Physiol. (Oxf.) 225, e13101 (2019).","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. (Oxf.)"},{"key":"146_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.117.014373","volume":"70","author":"DM Riddy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Riddy, D. M., Delerive, P., Summers, R. J., Sexton, P. M. & Langmead, C. J. G protein-coupled receptors targeting insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharm. Rev. 70, 39\u201367 (2018).","journal-title":"Pharm. Rev."},{"key":"146_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(88)90089-3","volume":"37","author":"B Caballero","year":"1988","unstructured":"Caballero, B., Finer, N. & Wurtman, R. J. Plasma amino acids and insulin levels in obesity: response to carbohydrate intake and tryptophan supplements. Metabolism 37, 672\u2013676 (1988).","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"146_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G602","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00051.2009","volume":"297","author":"IM Brennan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brennan, I. M. et al. Effects of the phases of the menstrual cycle on gastric emptying, glycemia, plasma GLP-1 and insulin, and energy intake in healthy lean women. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 297, G602\u2013G610 (2009).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."}],"container-title":["Nutrition &amp; Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-020-00146-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-020-00146-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-020-00146-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T14:15:43Z","timestamp":1669817743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-020-00146-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41387-020-00146-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"3"}}