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Diabetes"],"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                        <jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                     <\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sweetened beverage intake may play a role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development, but scientific evidence on their role is limited. This study examined associations between sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), low\/no-calorie beverages (LNCB) and fruit juice (FJ) intakes and NAFLD in four European studies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data for 42,024 participants of Lifelines Cohort, NQPlus, PREDIMED-Plus and Alpha Omega Cohort were cross-sectionally analysed. NAFLD was assessed using Fatty Liver Index (FLI) (\u226560). Restricted cubic spline analyses were used to visualize dose\u2013response associations in Lifelines Cohort. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses with robust variance were performed for associations in individual cohorts; data were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Models were adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and other dietary factors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Each additional serving of SSB per day was associated with a 7% higher FLI-defined NAFLD prevalence (95%CI 1.03\u20131.11). For LNCB, restricted cubic spline analysis showed a nonlinear association with FLI-defined NAFLD, with the association getting stronger when consuming \u22641 serving\/day and levelling off at higher intake levels. Pooled Cox analysis showed that intake of &gt;2 LNCB servings\/week was positively associated with FLI-defined NAFLD (PR 1.38, 95% CI 1.15\u20131.61; reference: non-consumers). An inverse association was observed for FJ intake of \u22642 servings\/week (PR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88\u20130.97; reference: non-consumers), but not at higher intake levels. Theoretical replacement of SSB with FJ showed no significant association with FLI-defined NAFLD prevalence (PR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95\u20131.00), whereas an adverse association was observed when SSB was replaced with LNCB (PR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.21).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Pooling results of this study showed that SSB and LNCB were positively associated with FLI-defined NAFLD prevalence. Theoretical replacement of SSB with LNCB was associated with higher FLI-defined NAFLD prevalence. An inverse association was observed between moderate intake of FJ and FLI-defined NAFLD. Our results should be interpreted with caution as reverse causality cannot be ruled out.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-023-00237-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T06:02:57Z","timestamp":1682056977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Sugar-sweetened beverages, low\/no-calorie beverages, fruit juice and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease defined by fatty liver index: the SWEET project"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8141-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Novita D.","family":"Naomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elske M.","family":"Brouwer-Brolsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion E. 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JCGH is a member of the International Sweeteners and Mars Scientific Advisory Boards and has received honorariums from the International Sweeteners Association together with AR. JCGH and JAH are also conducting the SWITCH trial funded by the American Beverage Association. AR has received an honorarium from Unilever and Nestl\u00e9. In the past, EJMF has received an unrestricted grant from Friesland Campina and European Beer Institute and conducted a study on added sugar and individual sugars partly funded by Kenniscentrum Suiker en Gezondheid (2011). Other authors have no competing interests to be disclosed.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6"}}