{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T19:40:45Z","timestamp":1772134845825,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr. Diabetes"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-025-00357-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T01:38:16Z","timestamp":1738719496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elevated fasting serum xylitol levels are associated with a lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes among individuals with prediabetes in the Chinese population"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-2747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"357_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"357_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.22208","volume":"326","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang L, Peng W, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Shi Z, Song Z, et al. Prevalence and treatment of diabetes in China, 2013-2018. JAMA. 2021;326:2498\u2013506.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"357_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i2.296","volume":"6","author":"N Bansal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bansal N. Prediabetes diagnosis and treatment: a review. World J Diabetes. 2015;6:296\u2013303.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"357_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.4063","volume":"329","author":"JB Echouffo-Tcheugui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Perreault L, Ji L, Dagogo-Jack S. Diagnosis and management of prediabetes: a review. JAMA. 2023;329:1206\u201316.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"357_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.01.004","volume":"18","author":"AD Mooradian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mooradian AD, Smith M, Tokuda M. The role of artificial and natural sweeteners in reducing the consumption of table sugar: a narrative review. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2017;18:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"357_CR6","first-page":"9868421","volume":"2016","author":"P Cock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cock P, M\u00e4kinen K, Honkala E, Saag M, Kennepohl E, Eapen A. Erythritol Is more effective than xylitol and sorbitol in managing oral health endpoints. Int J Dent. 2016;2016:9868421.","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"357_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1159\/000324534","volume":"20","author":"KK M\u00e4kinen","year":"2011","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen KK. Sugar alcohol sweeteners as alternatives to sugar with special consideration of xylitol. Med Princ Pract. 2011;20:303\u201320.","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"357_CR8","first-page":"742","volume":"114","author":"A Leutenegger","year":"1984","unstructured":"Leutenegger A, Buchmann M, Frutiger A. [Comparative study of a new commercially produced combination solution (fat, carbohydrates, aminoacids) for complete parenteral feeding of surgery patients in intensive care]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1984;114:742\u201353.","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"357_CR9","first-page":"241","volume":"5","author":"J Santos","year":"1984","unstructured":"Santos J, Freire AP, Mira LB, Azevedo M, Manso C. Sorbitol metabolism and diabetes. Acta Med Port. 1984;5:241\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"key":"357_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.06.018","volume":"33","author":"AS Schneider","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schneider AS, Schettler A, Markowski A, Luettig B, Momma M, Seipt C, et al. Assessment of xylitol serum levels during the course of parenteral nutrition including xylitol in intensive care patients: a case control study. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:483\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"357_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1053","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00037.2016","volume":"310","author":"BK W\u00f6lnerhanssen","year":"2016","unstructured":"W\u00f6lnerhanssen BK, Cajacob L, Keller N, Doody A, Rehfeld JF, Drewe J, et al. Gut hormone secretion, gastric emptying, and glycemic responses to erythritol and xylitol in lean and obese subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2016;310:E1053\u20131061.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"357_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.38212\/2224-6614.3107","volume":"29","author":"NZ Msomi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Msomi NZ, Erukainure OL, Islam MS. Suitability of sugar alcohols as antidiabetic supplements: a review. J Food Drug Anal. 2021;29:1\u201314.","journal-title":"J Food Drug Anal"},{"key":"357_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.35.4.426","volume":"35","author":"PA Barnett","year":"1986","unstructured":"Barnett PA, Gonz\u00e1lez RG, Chylack LT Jr, Cheng HM. The effect of oxidation on sorbitol pathway kinetics. Diabetes. 1986;35:426\u201332.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"357_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4233","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620079114","volume":"114","author":"KC Hootman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hootman KC, Trezzi JP, Kraemer L, Burwell LS, Dong X, Guertin KA, et al. Erythritol is a pentose-phosphate pathway metabolite and associated with adiposity gain in young adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017;114:E4233\u2013e4240.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"357_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45822-5","volume":"246","author":"A Jakob","year":"1971","unstructured":"Jakob A, Williamson JR, Asakura T. Xylitol metabolism in perfused rat liver. Interactions with gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. J Biol Chem. 1971;246:7623\u201331.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"357_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12108","volume":"6","author":"Y Bi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bi Y, Lu J, Wang W, Mu Y, Zhao J, Liu C, et al. Cohort profile: risk evaluation of cancers in Chinese diabetic individuals: a longitudinal (REACTION) study. J Diabetes. 2014;6:147\u201357.","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"357_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2853","volume":"100","author":"K F\u00e6rch","year":"2015","unstructured":"F\u00e6rch K, Johansen NB, Witte DR, Lauritzen T, J\u00f8rgensen ME, Vistisen D. Relationship between insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell dysfunction in subphenotypes of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:707\u201316.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"357_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-02-554204","volume":"124","author":"W Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen W, Wang J, Zhao A, Xu X, Wang Y, Chen T, et al. A distinct glucose metabolism signature of acute myeloid leukemia with prognostic value. Blood. 2014;124:1645\u201354.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"357_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0570","volume":"62","author":"C Menni","year":"2013","unstructured":"Menni C, Fauman E, Erte I, Perry JRB, Kastenm\u00fcller G, Shin SY, et al. Biomarkers for type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose using a nontargeted metabolomics approach. Diabetes. 2013;62:4270\u20136.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"357_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4348","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2862","volume":"100","author":"DA Enquobahrie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Enquobahrie DA, Denis M, Tadesse MG, Gelaye B, Ressom HW, Williams MA. Maternal early pregnancy serum metabolites and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:4348\u201356.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"357_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14040","volume":"46","author":"NZ Msomi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Msomi NZ, Erukainure OL, Salau VF, Olofinsan KA, Islam MS. Xylitol improves antioxidant, purinergic and cholinergic dysfunction, and lipid metabolic homeostasis in hepatic injury in type 2 diabetic rats. J Food Biochem. 2022;46:e14040.","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"key":"357_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000338440","volume":"61","author":"MS Islam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Islam MS, Indrajit M. Effects of xylitol on blood glucose, glucose tolerance, serum insulin and lipid profile in a type 2 diabetes model of rats. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;61:57\u201364.","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"357_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9867","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179867","volume":"23","author":"V Bordier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bordier V, Teysseire F, Senner F, Schlotterbeck G, Drewe J, Beglinger C, et al. Absorption and metabolism of the natural sweeteners erythritol and xylitol in humans: A dose-ranging study. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:9867.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"357_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zacharis C. Xylitol. In Sweeteners and Sugar Alternatives in Food Technology (eds O\u2019Donnell, K and Kearsley, MW). WILEY; 2012.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118373941.ch16"},{"key":"357_CR25","first-page":"977","volume":"19","author":"O Touster","year":"1960","unstructured":"Touster O. Essential pentosuria and the glucuronate-xylulose pathway. Fed Proc. 1960;19:977\u201383.","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"357_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsyr\/foaa061","volume":"20","author":"BX Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang BX, Xie CY, Xia ZY, Wu YJ, Gou M, Tang YQ. Improving xylitol yield by deletion of endogenous xylitol-assimilating genes: a study of industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fermentation of glucose and xylose. FEMS Yeast Res. 2020;20:foaa061.","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"357_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196602102740602","volume":"274","author":"AI Winegrad","year":"1966","unstructured":"Winegrad AI, Burden CL. L-xylulose metabolism in diabetes mellitus. New England J Med. 1966;274:298\u2013305.","journal-title":"New England J Med"},{"key":"357_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.08.010","volume":"45","author":"SK Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee SK, Son LT, Choi HJ, Ahnn J. Dicarbonyl\/l-xylulose reductase (DCXR): The multifunctional pentosuria enzyme. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013;45:2563\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"357_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010159","volume":"13","author":"GD Dimitriadis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dimitriadis GD, Maratou E, Kountouri A, Board M, Lambadiari V. Regulation of postabsorptive and postprandial glucose metabolism by insulin-dependent and insulin-independent mechanisms: an integrative approach. Nutrients. 2021;13:159.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"357_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1623757","volume":"60","author":"BK W\u00f6lnerhanssen","year":"2020","unstructured":"W\u00f6lnerhanssen BK, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Beglinger C, Islam MS. Metabolic effects of the natural sweeteners xylitol and erythritol: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60:1986\u201398.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"357_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurley JM, Jankowski MS, De Los Santos H, Crowell AM, Fordyce SB, Zucker JD, et al. Circadian proteomic analysis uncovers mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation in metabolic pathways. Cell Syst. 2018;7:613-626.e615.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.10.014"}],"container-title":["Nutrition &amp; Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-025-00357-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-025-00357-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-025-00357-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T01:38:21Z","timestamp":1738719501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-025-00357-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41387-025-00357-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4666401\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2044-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3"}}