{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T18:19:59Z","timestamp":1793902799697,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":71,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutr. Diabetes"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-026-00435-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:46:14Z","timestamp":1781711174000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Reproducibility of continuous glucose monitoring-derived postprandial glucose features and their association with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5799-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Giosu\u00e8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"D\u2019Abbronzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilena","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Riccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Vaccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Corrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Skantze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6399-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikard","family":"Landberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Costabile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6549-4476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lutgarda","family":"Bozzetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"435_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","volume":"10","author":"MAB Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes\u2014Global Burden of Disease And Forecasted Trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10:107\u201311.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","volume":"402","author":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators.","year":"2023","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402:203\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"435_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2380","volume":"40","author":"MC Riddle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riddle MC. Basal glucose can be controlled, but the prandial problem persists-it\u2019s the next target. Diab Care. 2017;40:291\u2013300.","journal-title":"Diab Care"},{"key":"435_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6S9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(16)30003-9","volume":"41","author":"L Monnier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Monnier L, Colette C. Postprandial and basal hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: contributions to overall glucose exposure and diabetic complications. Diab Metab. 2015;41:6S9\u2013S15.","journal-title":"Diab Metab"},{"key":"435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2414","volume":"34","author":"F Cavalot","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cavalot F, Pagliarino A, Valle M, Di Martino L, Bonomo K, Massucco P, et al. Postprandial blood glucose predicts cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes in a 14-year follow-up: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study. Diab Care. 2011;34:2237\u201343.","journal-title":"Diab Care"},{"key":"435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9341-8","volume":"17","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Genovese S. Atherogenicity of postprandial hyperglycemia and lipotoxicity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2016;17:111\u20136.","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.881","volume":"26","author":"L Monnier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monnier L, Lapinski H, Colette C. Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA(1c). Diab Care. 2003;26:881\u20135.","journal-title":"Diab Care"},{"key":"435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.4.775","volume":"24","author":"American Diabetes Association.","year":"2001","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Postprandial blood glucose. American Diabetes Association. Diab Care. 2001;24:775\u20138.","journal-title":"Diab Care"},{"key":"435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30051-2","volume":"6","author":"E Ahlqvist","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahlqvist E, Storm P, K\u00e4r\u00e4j\u00e4m\u00e4ki A, Martinell M, Dorkhan M, Carlsson A, et al. Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables. Lancet Diab Endocrinol. 2018;6:361\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Diab Endocrinol"},{"key":"435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001869","volume":"9","author":"R Tao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tao R, Yu X, Lu J, Shen Y, Lu W, Zhu W, et al. Multilevel clustering approach driven by continuous glucose monitoring data for further classification of type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diab Res Care. 2021;9:e001869.","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab Res Care"},{"key":"435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2020.0672","volume":"23","author":"JS Varghese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Varghese JS, Ho JC, Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Patel SA, Jebarani S, et al. Profiles of intraday glucose in type 2 diabetes and their association with complications: an analysis of continuous glucose monitoring data. Diab Technol Ther. 2021;23:555\u201364.","journal-title":"Diab Technol Ther"},{"key":"435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3957","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16432","volume":"27","author":"E Healey","year":"2025","unstructured":"Healey E, Morato C, Murillo J, Kohane I. Heterogeneity of continuous glucose monitoring features and their clinical associations in a type 2 diabetes population. Diab Obes Metab. 2025;27:3957\u201366.","journal-title":"Diab Obes Metab"},{"key":"435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2023.0064","volume":"25","author":"E Montaser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montaser E, Breton MD, Brown SA, DeBoer MD, Kovatchev B, Farhy LS. Predicting immunological risk for stage 1 and stage 2 diabetes using a 1-week CGM home test, nocturnal glucose increments, and standardized liquid mixed meal breakfasts, with classification enhanced by machine learning. Diab Technol Ther. 2023;25:631\u201342.","journal-title":"Diab Technol Ther"},{"key":"435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S002","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee.","year":"2025","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes\u20142025. Diab Care 1. 2025;48:S27\u201349.","journal-title":"Diab Care 1"},{"key":"435_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0534","volume":"46","author":"J Chrzanowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chrzanowski J, Grabia S, Michalak A, et al. GlyCulator 3.0: A fast, easy-to-use analytical tool for CGM data analysis, aggregation, center benchmarking, and data sharing. Diab Care. 2023;46:e3\u20135.","journal-title":"Diab Care"},{"key":"435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/43.1.167","volume":"43","author":"TM Wolever","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wolever TM, Jenkins DJ. The use of the glycemic index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;43:167\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"435_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219854","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219854","volume":"14","author":"D Liljequist","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liljequist D, Elfving B, Skavberg Roaldsen K. Intraclass correlation\u2014a discussion and demonstration of basic features. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0219854.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"435_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.001","volume":"163","author":"D Zeevi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zeevi D, Korem T, Zmora N, Israeli D, Rothschild D, Weinberger A, et al. Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell. 2015;163:1079\u201394.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0934-0","volume":"26","author":"SE Berry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berry SE, Valdes AM, Drew DA, Asnicar F, Mazidi M, Wolf J, et al. Human postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition. Nat Med. 2020;26:964\u201373.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-949526","volume":"38","author":"DJ Brillon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brillon DJ, Sison CP, Salbe AD, Poretsky L. Reproducibility of a glycemic response to mixed meals in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res. 2006;38:536\u201342.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"435_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23678","volume":"31","author":"EJ Stinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stinson EJ, Piaggi P, Mitchell CM, Redman LM, Krakoff J. Reproducibility and determinants of the metabolic responses during a mixed-meal tolerance test. Obesity. 2023;31:768\u201379.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70059","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70059","volume":"41","author":"C Irace","year":"2025","unstructured":"Irace C, Avogaro A, Bertuzzi F, Buzzetti R, Candido R, Del Prato S, et al. Enhancing type 2 diabetes care with CGM integration: insights from an Italian expert group. Diab Metab Res Rev. 2025;41:e70059.","journal-title":"Diab Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.14.1681","volume":"295","author":"L Monnier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, Michel F, Villon L, Cristol JP, et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2006;295:1681\u20137.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30136-0","volume":"7","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Monnier L, Owens D. Glycaemic variability in diabetes: clinical and therapeutic implications. Lancet Diab Endocrinol. 2019;7:221\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet Diab Endocrinol"},{"key":"435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S272","DOI":"10.2337\/dcS13-2030","volume":"36","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ceriello A, Kilpatrick ES. Glycemic variability: both sides of the story. Diab Care. 2013;36:S272\u20135.","journal-title":"Diab Care"},{"key":"435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2024.0496","volume":"27","author":"E Montaser","year":"2025","unstructured":"Montaser E, Farhy LS, Rich SS. Enhancing type 1 diabetes immunological risk prediction with continuous glucose monitoring and genetic profiling. Diab Technol Ther. 2025;27:292\u2013300.","journal-title":"Diab Technol Ther"},{"key":"435_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae379","volume":"110","author":"E Montaser","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montaser E, Farhy LS, Kovatchev BP. Novel detection and progression markers for diabetes based on continuous glucose monitoring data dynamics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;110:254\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Nutrition &amp; Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-026-00435-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-026-00435-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-026-00435-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:02:34Z","timestamp":1787785354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41387-026-00435-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41387-026-00435-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"AG, RT, GDA, MV, GR, OV, AC, VS, RL, GC, and LB declare that there is no duality of interest associated with this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The study protocol and the procedures for obtaining informed consent were reviewed and approved by the Federico II University Institutional Review Board (IRB Protocol #31\/2023). Informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}],"article-number":"33"}}