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However, the role of CRD in mammary gland morphology and aggressive basal mammary tumorigenesis and the molecular mechanism underlying CRD-induced carcinogenesis remain unknown. To investigate the effect of CRD on aggressive tumorigenesis, a genetically engineered mouse model of aggressive breast cancer was used. The impact of CRD on the tumor microenvironment was investigated using the tumors from LD12:12 and CRD mice via scRNA-seq, flow cytometry, multiplexing immunostaining, and realtime PCR. The effect of LILRB4-immunotherapy on CRD-induced tumorigenesis was also investigated. Here we investigated and identified the impact of CRD on basal tumorigenesis and mammary gland morphology. We found that chronic CRD disrupted mammary gland morphology, increased lung metastasis, and induced an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by enhancing LILRB4 expression. Furthermore, targeted immunotherapy against LILRB4 reduced CRD-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment and lung metastasis. Finally, we showed that LILRB4 regulates CRD-induced mammary tumorigenesis via a non-canonical WNT signaling pathway. These findings identify and implicate LILRB4 as a link between CRD and aggressive mammary tumorigenesis and establish the potential role of the targeted LILRB4a immunotherapy as an inhibitor of CRD-induced lung metastasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-025-03597-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:10:05Z","timestamp":1760587805000},"page":"4491-4504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["LILRB4 regulates circadian disruption-induced mammary tumorigenesis via non-canonical WNT signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Olajumoke","family":"Ogunlusi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-8979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mrinmoy","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arhit","family":"Chakrabarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devon J.","family":"Boland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Fails","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yava","family":"Jones-Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7178-834X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loning","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gus","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8081-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James J.","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bani","family":"Mallick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex C.","family":"Keene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8022-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tapasree","family":"Roy Sarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3597_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.09.040","volume":"342","author":"FC Kelleher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kelleher FC, Rao A, Maguire A. 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