{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T09:14:59Z","timestamp":1794042899161,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-018-0094-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]],"date-time":"2018-07-16T10:36:41Z","timestamp":1531737401000},"page":"348-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Circulatory changes during gestational development of the sheep and human fetus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Abraham M.","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"94_CR1","first-page":"327","volume":"2","author":"RA Molteni","year":"1978","unstructured":"Molteni, R. A., Stys, S. J. & Battaglia, F. C. Relationship of fetal and placental weight in human beings: fetal\/placental weight ratios at various gestational ages and birth weight distributions. J. Reprod. Med. 2, 327\u2013334 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"94_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1992.tb02653.x","volume":"28","author":"G Mitropoulos","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mitropoulos, G., Scurry, J. & Cussen, L. Organ weight\/body weight ratios: growth rates of fetal organs in the latter half of pregnancy with a simple method for calculating mean organ weights. J. Paediatr. Child Health 28, 236\u2013239 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"94_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.53.1.144","volume":"53","author":"DL Levin","year":"1976","unstructured":"Levin, D. L. et al. Morphological development of the pulmonary vascular bed in fetal lambs. Circulation 53, 144\u2013151 (1976).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"94_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.26.3.289","volume":"26","author":"AM Rudolph","year":"1970","unstructured":"Rudolph, A. M. & Heymann, M. A. Circulatory changes during growth in the fetal lamb. Circ. Res. 26, 289\u2013299 (1970).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"94_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.5.1731","volume":"83","author":"KG Schmidt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schmidt, K. G., Di Tommaso, M., Silverman, M. H. & Rudolph, A. M. Doppler echocardiographic assessment of fetal descending aortic and umbilical blood flows. Circulation 83, 1731\u20131737 (1991).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"94_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-016-0128-x","volume":"16","author":"C Andersson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andersson, C. et al. Phase-contrast MRI volume flow\u2014a comparison of breath held and navigator based acquisitions. BMC Med Imaging 16, 26 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"94_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90238-4","volume":"60","author":"MC Smedt De","year":"1987","unstructured":"De Smedt, M. C., Visser, G. H. & Meijboom, E. J. Fetal cardiac output estimated by Doppler echocardiography during mid- and late gestation. Am. J. Cardiol. 60, 338\u2013342 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"94_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.12.1662","volume":"103","author":"G Mielke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mielke, G. & Benda, N. Cardiac output and central distribution of blood flow in the human fetus. Circulation 103, 1662\u20131668 (2001).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"94_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.113.001859","volume":"7","author":"M Prsa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prsa, M. et al. Reference ranges of blood flow in the major vessels of the normal human fetal circulation at term by phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Circ. Cardiovasc Imaging 7, 663\u2013670 (2014).","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"94_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.21.2.163","volume":"21","author":"AM Rudolph","year":"1967","unstructured":"Rudolph, A. M. & Heymann, M. A. The circulation of the fetus in utero. Methods for studying distribution of blood flow, cardiac output and organ blood flow. Circ. Res. 21, 163\u2013184 (1967).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"94_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.6.1208","volume":"74","author":"JF Kenny","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kenny, J. F. et al. Changes in intracardiac blood flow velocities and right and left ventricular stroke volumes with gestational age in the normal human fetus: a prospective Doppler echocardiographic study. Circulation 74, 1208\u20131216 (1986).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"94_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.5.1068","volume":"94","author":"J Rasanen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rasanen, J. et al. Role of the pulmonary circulation in the distribution of human fetal cardiac output during the second half of pregnancy. Circulation 94, 1068\u20131073 (1996).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"94_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199010000-00016","volume":"28","author":"MS Sutton","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sutton, M. S. et al. Changes in placental blood flow in the normal human fetus with gestational age. Pediatr. Res. 28, 383\u2013387 (1990).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"94_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2832","volume":"28","author":"T Kiserud","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kiserud, T. et al. Fetal cardiac output, distribution to the placenta and impact of placental compromise. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 28, 126\u2013136 (2006).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"94_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.42.3.426","volume":"42","author":"DI Edelstone","year":"1978","unstructured":"Edelstone, D. I., Rudolph, A. M. & Heymann, M. A. Liver and ductus venosus blood flows in fetal lambs in utero. Circ. Res. 42, 426\u2013433 (1978).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"94_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70504-7","volume":"182","author":"T Kiserud","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kiserud, T., Rasmussen, S. & Skulstad, S. Blood flow and the degree of shunting through the ductus venosus in the human fetus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 182, 147\u2013153 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"94_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.279.3.H1256","volume":"279","author":"M Bellotti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bellotti, M. et al. Role of ductus venosus in distribution of umbilical blood flow in human fetuses during the second half of pregnancy. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 279, 256\u2013263 (2000).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"94_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.3.232","volume":"71","author":"MS Sutton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sutton, M. S. et al. Assessment of changes in blood flow through the lungs and foramen ovale in the normal human fetus with gestational age: a prospective Doppler echocardiographic study. Br. Heart J. 71, 232\u2013237 (1994).","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"94_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.6354","volume":"33","author":"T Vimpeli","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vimpeli, T., Huhtala, H. & Wilsgaard, T. et al. Fetal aortic isthmus blood flow and the fraction of cardiac output distributed to the upper body and brain at 11\u201320 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 33, 538\u2013544 (2009).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"94_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000130472.30874.FF","volume":"56","author":"P Ballabh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ballabh, P., Braun, A. & Nedergaard, M. Anatomic analysis of blood vessels in germinal matrix, cerebral cortex, and white matter in developing infants. Pediatr. Res. 56, 117\u2013124 (2004).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"94_CR21","first-page":"H80","volume":"238","author":"RD Gilbert","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gilbert, R. D. Control of fetal cardiac output during changes in blood volume. Am. J. Physiol. 238, H80\u2013H86 (1980).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"94_CR22","first-page":"H656","volume":"246","author":"KL Thornburg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Thornburg, K. L. & Morton, M. J. Filling and arterial pressures as determinants of stroke volume in the sheep fetus. Am. J. Physiol. 246, H656\u2013H663 (1984).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"94_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.39.4.536","volume":"39","author":"A Lewis","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lewis, A., Heymann, M. A. & Rudolph, A. M. Gestational changes in pulmonary vascular responses in fetal lambs in utero. Circ. Res. 39, 536\u2013541 (1976).","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"94_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.3.257","volume":"97","author":"J Rasanen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rasanen, J., Wood, D. C. & Debbs, R. H. et al. Reactivity of the human fetal pulmonary circulation to maternal hyperoxygenation increases during the second half of pregnancy. Circulation 97, 257\u2013262 (1998).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"94_CR25","unstructured":"Brown, M. S. in Developmental and Neonatal Hematology (eds Stockman, J. A. lll & Pochedly, C.) (Raven Press, New York, 1988)."},{"key":"94_CR26","first-page":"321","volume":"117","author":"WW Hay","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hay, W. W. Placental\u2013fetal glucose exchange and fetal glucose metabolism. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 117, 321\u2013340 (2006).","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc."},{"key":"94_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02341.x","volume":"116","author":"E Taricco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taricco, E., Radaelli, T. & Rossi, G. et al. Effects of gestational diabetes on fetal oxygen and glucose levels in vivo. BJOG 116, 1729\u20131735 (2009).","journal-title":"BJOG"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-018-0094-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-018-0094-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-018-0094-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T21:23:32Z","timestamp":1684617812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-018-0094-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["94"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-018-0094-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2018","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 June 2018","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2018","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}