{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T16:24:08Z","timestamp":1709137448359},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,19]],"date-time":"2020-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,19]],"date-time":"2020-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0895-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,19]],"date-time":"2020-04-19T08:02:43Z","timestamp":1587283363000},"page":"563-568","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of probiotics on thymus size and markers of infection in late infancy: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Anni","family":"Larnkj\u00e6r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim F.","family":"Michaelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maren J. H.","family":"Rytter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00f8lgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rikke P.","family":"Laursen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"895_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.10.1321","volume":"23","author":"E Yekeler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yekeler, E. et al. Analysis of the thymus in 151 healthy infants from 0 to 2 years of age. J. Ultrasound Med. 23, 1321\u20131326 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"895_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1264-2","volume":"17","author":"SE Moore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moore, S. E. et al. Thymic size is increased by infancy, but not pregnancy, nutritional supplementation in rural Gambian children: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Med. 17, 38 (2019).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"895_CR3","first-page":"222","volume":"38","author":"H Hasselbalch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hasselbalch, H., Jeppesen, D. L., Ersb\u00f8ll, A. K., Engelmann, M. D. & Nielsen, M. B. Thymus size evaluated by sonography. A longitudinal study on infants during the first year of life. Acta Radiol. 38, 222\u2013227 (1997).","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"895_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt232","volume":"43","author":"SE Moore","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moore, S. E. et al. Thymus development and infant and child mortality in rural Bangladesh. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 216\u2013223 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"895_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.1.1","volume":"135","author":"CJ Field","year":"2005","unstructured":"Field, C. J. The immunological components of human milk and their effect on immune development in infants. J. Nutr. 135, 1\u20134 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"895_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-01891-5","volume":"59","author":"EM Hossny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hossny, E. M. et al. Breast milk interleukin-7 and thymic gland development in infancy. Eur. J. Nutr. 59, 111\u2013118\u00a0(2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr"},{"key":"895_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14211.x","volume":"85","author":"H Hasselbalch","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hasselbalch, H., Jeppesen, D. L., Engelmann, M. D., Michaelsen, K. F. & Nielsen, M. B. Decreased thymus size in formula-fed infants compared with breastfed infants. Acta Paediatr. 85, 1029\u20131032 (1996).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"895_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310051258","volume":"158","author":"H Hasselbalch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hasselbalch, H., Engelmann, M. D., Ersboll, A. K., Jeppesen, D. L. & Fleischer-Michaelsen, K. Breast-feeding influences thymic size in late infancy. Eur. J. Pediatr. 158, 964\u2013967 (1999).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"895_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0821-0","volume":"17","author":"MJH Rytter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rytter, M. J. H. et al. Correlates of thymus size and changes during treatment of children with severe acute malnutrition: a cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 17, 70 (2017).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"895_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1300\/J053v03n01_04","volume":"3","author":"P Chevalier","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chevalier, P. et al. Study of thymus and thymocytes in Bolivian preschool children during recovery from severe protein energy malnutrition. J. Nutr. Immunol. 3, 27\u201339 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Immunol."},{"key":"895_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599000628","volume":"81","author":"AM Prentice","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prentice, A. M. The thymus: a barometer of malnutrition. Br. J. Nutr. 81, 345\u2013347 (1999).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"895_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb03305.x","volume":"91","author":"P Aaby","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aaby, P. et al. Thymus size at birth is associated with infant mortality: a community study from Guinea-Bissau. Acta Paediatr. 91, 698\u2013703 (2002).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"895_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.04.069","volume":"153","author":"M-L Garly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garly, M.-L. et al. Thymus size at 6 months of age and subsequent child mortality. J. Pediatr. 153, 683\u2013688.e3 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"895_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10408","volume":"62","author":"L Dom\u00ednguez-Gerpe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Gerpe, L. & Rey-M\u00e9ndez, M. Evolution of the thymus size in response to physiological and random events throughout life. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62, 464\u2013476 (2003).","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"895_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecm.2010.08.001","volume":"2","author":"C Binns","year":"2010","unstructured":"Binns, C. & Lee, M. K. The use of probiotics to prevent diarrhoea in young children attending child care centres. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2, 269\u2013273 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Med."},{"key":"895_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000075","volume":"112","author":"S King","year":"2014","unstructured":"King, S., Glanville, J., Sanders, M. E., Fitzgerald, A. & Varley, D. Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Nutr. 112, 41\u201354 (2014).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"895_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31824d5da2","volume":"23","author":"C Pelucchi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pelucchi, C. et al. Probiotics supplementation during pregnancy or infancy for the prevention of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Epidemiology 23, 402\u2013414 (2012).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"895_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12403","volume":"38","author":"H Szajewska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Szajewska, H., Sk\u00f3rka, A., Ruszczy\u0144ski, M. & Gieruszczak-Bia\u0142ek, D. Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children-updated analysis of randomised controlled trials. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 38, 467\u2013476 (2013).","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"895_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4509","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004509","volume":"95","author":"Y Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Probiotics for prevention and treatment of respiratory tract infections in children. Medicine 95, e4509 (2016).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"895_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1203\/pdr.0b013e31806772d3","volume":"62","author":"F Indrio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Indrio, F., Ladisa, G., Mautone, A. & Montagna, O. Effect of a fermented formula on thymus size and stool pH in healthy term infants. Pediatr. Res. 62, 98\u2013100 (2007).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"895_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20170735","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0735","volume":"140","author":"RP Laursen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Laursen, R. P. et al. Probiotics and child care absence due to infections: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 140, e20170735 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"895_CR22","first-page":"95","volume":"38","author":"H Hasselbalch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hasselbalch, H., Jeppesen, D. L., Ersb\u00f8ll, A. K., Lisse, I. M. & Nielsen, M. B. Sonographic measurement of thymic size in healthy neonates. Relation to clinical variables. Acta Radiol. 38, 95\u201398 (1997).","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"895_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15056","volume":"109","author":"RP Laursen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laursen, R. P. et al. Thymus size is associated with breastfeeding and having pets in a sex-specific manner. Acta Paediatr. 109, 968\u2013975\u00a0(2020).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"895_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.27","volume":"81","author":"NM Birk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birk, N. M. et al. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination, thymic size, and thymic output in healthy newborns. Pediatr. Res. 81, 873\u2013880 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"895_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13018","volume":"30","author":"RM Schmidt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmidt, R. M. et al. Probiotics in late infancy reduce the incidence of eczema: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 30, 335\u2013340 (2019).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"895_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2018.1535871","volume":"39","author":"N Nabukeera-Barungi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nabukeera-Barungi, N. et al. Thymus gland size during recovery from complicated severe acute malnutrition: a prospective study of the role of probiotics. Paediatr. Int. Child Health 39, 95\u2013103 (2019).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Int. Child Health"},{"key":"895_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2004.00032.x","volume":"15","author":"DL Jeppesen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jeppesen, D. L., Hasselbalch, H., Lisse, I. M., Ersb\u00f8ll, A. K. & Engelmann, M. D. M. T-lymphocyte subsets, thymic size and breastfeeding in infancy. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 15, 127\u2013132 (2004).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"895_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2009.01292.x","volume":"98","author":"S Moore","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moore, S. et al. Early-life nutritional and environmental determinants of thymic size in infants born in rural Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr. 98, 1168\u20131175 (2009).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"895_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.722","volume":"80","author":"PT Ngom","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ngom, P. T. et al. Improved thymic function in exclusively breastfed infants is associated with higher interleukin 7 concentrations in their mothers\u2019 breast milk. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80, 722\u2013728 (2004).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"895_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2165\/11531420-000000000-00000","volume":"11","author":"SV Gerasimov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gerasimov, S. V., Vasjuta, V. V., Myhovych, O. O. & Bondarchuk, L. I. Probiotic supplement reduces atopic dermatitis in preschool children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 11, 351\u2013361 (2010).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"895_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.03.018","volume":"121","author":"J Hol","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hol, J. et al. The acquisition of tolerance toward cow\u2019s milk through probiotic supplementation: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 121, 1448\u20131454 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"895_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.09.008","volume":"100","author":"S-F Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, S.-F. et al. Effects of clostridium butyricum and bifidobacterium on BTLA expression on CD4+ T cells and lymphocyte differentiation in late preterm infants. Microb. Pathog. 100, 112\u2013118 (2016).","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"895_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000496426","volume":"74","author":"C Maldonado Galdeano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maldonado Galdeano, C., Cazorla, S. I., Lemme Dumit, J. M., V\u00e9lez, E. & Perdig\u00f3n, G. Beneficial effects of probiotic consumption on the immune system. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 74, 115\u2013124 (2019).","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"895_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005302","volume":"110","author":"IN N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2013","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez, I. N. et al. Effect of a probiotic fermented milk on the thymus in Balb\/c mice under non-severe protein-energy malnutrition. Br. J. Nutr. 110, 500\u2013508 (2013).","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"895_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02329.x","volume":"100","author":"DL Jeppesen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeppesen, D. L., Ersb\u00f8ll, A. K., Nielsen, S. D., Hoppe, T. U. & Valerius, N. H. Low thymic size in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit, a possible marker of infection? A prospective study from birth to 1 year of age. Acta Paediatr. 100, 1319\u20131325 (2011).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"895_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.10.013","volume":"21","author":"M-L Dion","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dion, M.-L. et al. HIV infection rapidly induces and maintains a substantial suppression of thymocyte proliferation. Immunity 21, 757\u2013768 (2004).","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"895_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000216366.46195.81","volume":"20","author":"JC Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee, J. C. et al. Thymic volume, T-cell populations, and parameters of thymopoiesis in adolescent andadult survivors of HIV infection acquired in infancy. AIDS 20, 667\u2013674 (2006).","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"895_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.06.004","volume":"34","author":"C Nunes-Alves","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nunes-Alves, C., Nobrega, C., Behar, S. M. & Correia-Neves, M. Tolerance has its limits: how the thymus copes with infection. Trends Immunol. 34, 502\u2013510\u00a0(2013).","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"895_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110002545","volume":"69","author":"W Savino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Savino, W. & Dardenne, M. Nutritional imbalances and infections affect the thymus: consequences on T-cell-mediated immune responses. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 69, 636\u2013643 (2010).","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"895_CR40","first-page":"41","volume":"40","author":"H Hasselbalch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hasselbalch, H., Ersb\u00f8ll, A. K., Jeppesen, D. L. & Nielsen, M. B. Thymus size in infants from birth until 24 months of age evaluated by ultrasound. A longitudinal prediction model for the thymic index. Acta Radiol. Stockh. Swed. 1987 40, 41\u201344 (1999).","journal-title":"Acta Radiol. Stockh. Swed. 1987"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-020-0895-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-020-0895-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-020-0895-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T21:31:04Z","timestamp":1684618264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-020-0895-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,19]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-020-0895-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 April 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"K.F.M. and C.M. received a grant from Chr. Hansen for the current study and for another study with probiotics in Ugandan children. The other authors have no financial relationships or potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was required and obtained from all parents and legal guardians of the participating children.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent statement"}}]}}