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Our aim was to assess potential autoimmune processes and hormonal abnormalities in boys operated on due to that illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors evaluated the levels of antibodies against sperm and Leydig cells, concentrations of follicle-stimulating, luteinizing and anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone, testosterone, oestradiol and vascular endothelial growth factor in the serum in 28 boys operated on due to torsion of the testis. Patients\u2019 sexual maturity was assessed according the Tanner scale (group G1, G4 and G5).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No antibodies against sperm or Leydig cells were found in the serum. Statistically significant differences in follicle-stimulating and anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone concentrations were observed in the G1, and they were higher in the study than in the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in luteinizing hormone, testosterone, oestradiol and vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in the study group or control group. Testosterone concentration was unrelated to total testicular volume.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results did not confirm the autoimmune process in boys with torsion of the testis. The pituitary\u2013testis axis seems to have sufficient compensation capabilities. However, study results suggest that primary gonadal dysfunction may predispose to torsion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Significant differences exist between the literature data and own results on the formation of antibodies and hormonal changes due to testicular torsion in boys.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>It is a novel, prospective study on antibodies against sperms and Leydig cells in the serum and on hormonal processes occurring as a result of the testicular torsion from the prenatal period to the adolescence with division into pubertal groups.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The study has revealed sufficient compensation capabilities of the pituitary\u2013testis axis and no autoimmune process in boys with torsion of the testis.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01382-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,20]],"date-time":"2021-02-20T07:32:08Z","timestamp":1613806328000},"page":"1193-1200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Testicular torsion: its effect on autoimmunisation, pituitary\u2013testis axis and correlation with primary gonadal dysfunction in boys"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Osemlak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Miszczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"J\u0119drzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Nachulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Be\u0144-Skowronek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Brzozowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1382_CR1","unstructured":"Gerber, G. & Brendler, C. in Campbell-Walsh Urology 9th edn (eds Wein, A. et al.) 81\u2013110 (Saunders Elsevier, 2007)."},{"key":"1382_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2011.39","volume":"14","author":"C Yang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yang, C., Song, B., Tan, J., Liu, X. & Wei, G. 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