{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:02:37Z","timestamp":1791874957358,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01751-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T01:27:40Z","timestamp":1634174860000},"page":"853-861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Psychological risks to mother\u2013infant bonding during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Cindy H.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunah","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmina","family":"Erdei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1751_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2015.08.008","volume":"77","author":"S Brummelte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brummelte, S. & Galea, L. A. M. Postpartum depression: etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Hormones Behav. 77, 153\u2013166 (2016).","journal-title":"Hormones Behav."},{"key":"1751_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.03.032","volume":"217","author":"KP Tully","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tully, K. P., Stuebe, A. M. & Verbiest, S. B. The fourth trimester: a critical transition period with unmet maternal health needs. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 217, 37\u201341 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"1751_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2013.09.002","volume":"28","author":"MW O\u2019Hara","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara, M. W. & Wisner, K. L. Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 28, 3\u201312 (2014).","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"1751_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.03.010","volume":"198","author":"K Falah-Hassani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Falah-Hassani, K., Shiri, R. & Dennis, C.-L. Prevalence and risk factors for comorbid postpartum depressive symptomatology and anxiety. J. Affect. Disord. 198, 142\u2013147 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"1751_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.db","volume":"106","author":"NI Gavin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gavin, N. I. et al. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet. Gynecol. 106, 1071\u20131083 (2005).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"1751_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001","volume":"104","author":"S Shorey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shorey, S. et al. Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychiatr. Res. 104, 235\u2013248 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"1751_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2018.02.005","volume":"51","author":"T Field","year":"2018","unstructured":"Field, T. Postnatal anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on development: a narrative review. Infant Behav. Dev. 51, 24\u201332 (2018).","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00497","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.497","volume":"6","author":"O Remes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Remes, O., Brayne, C., Linde, R. & van der, Lafortune, L. A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations. Brain Behav. 6, e00497 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"1751_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0672-2","volume":"24","author":"R Giallo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giallo, R., Woolhouse, H., Gartland, D., Hiscock, H. & Brown, S. The emotional\u2013behavioural functioning of children exposed to maternal depressive symptoms across pregnancy and early childhood: a prospective Australian pregnancy cohort study. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 24, 1233\u20131244 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1751_CR10","first-page":"174550651984404","volume":"15","author":"J Slomian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J.-Y. & Bruy\u00e8re, O. Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: a systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women\u2019s Health 15, 1745506519844044 (2019).","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"1751_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2015.12.002","volume":"42","author":"Y Vafai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vafai, Y., Steinberg, J. R. & Shenassa, E. D. Maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Infant Behav. Dev. 42, 119\u2013127 (2016).","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID data tracker [Internet]. https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker (2020)."},{"key":"1751_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710050","volume":"37","author":"MC Alzamora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alzamora, M. C. et al. Severe COVID-19 during pregnancy and possible vertical transmission. Am. J. Perinatol. 37, 861\u2013865 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"1751_CR14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/daily-life-coping\/reducing-stigma.html (2020)."},{"key":"1751_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113552","volume":"295","author":"CH Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, C. H., Erdei, C. & Mittal, L. Risk factors for depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in perinatal women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 295, 113552 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"1751_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.617001","volume":"11","author":"H Yan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yan, H., Ding, Y. & Guo, W. Mental health of pregnant and postpartum women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Psychol. 11, 3324 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"1751_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hessami, K., Romanelli, C., Chiurazzi, M. & Cozzolino, M. COVID-19 pandemic and maternal mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767058.2020.1843155 (2020).","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1843155"},{"key":"1751_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23080","volume":"37","author":"KM Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C. & Drawve, G. Living in the midst of fear: depressive symptomatology among US adults during the COVID\u201019 pandemic. Depress. Anxiety 37, 957\u2013964 (2020).","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"1751_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.126","volume":"277","author":"C Lebel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lebel, C., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr-Madsen, L. & Giesbrecht, G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Affect. Disord. 277, 5\u201313 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"1751_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102066","volume":"52","author":"RP Rajkumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajkumar, R. P. COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature. Asian J. Psychiatr. 52, 102066 (2020).","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"1751_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.028","volume":"67","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, C. et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav. Immun. 67, 40\u201348 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"1751_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12072","volume":"27","author":"CH Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, C. H. & Tronick, E. Re-conceptualising prenatal life stressors in predicting post-partum depression: cumulative-, specific-, and domain-specific approaches to calculating risk. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 27, 481\u2013490 (2013).","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1751_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2015.11.002","volume":"30","author":"CH Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, C. H., Giallo, R., Doan, S. N., Seidman, L. J. & Tronick, E. Racial and ethnic differences in prenatal life stress and postpartum depression symptoms. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs. 30, 7\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"1751_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/cp.12058","volume":"21","author":"LS Leach","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leach, L. S., Poyser, C. & Fairweather-Schmidt, K. Maternal perinatal anxiety: a review of prevalence and correlates. Clin. Psychologist 21, 4\u201319 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychologist"},{"key":"1751_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2020.00001","volume":"1","author":"MH Davenport","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davenport, M. H., Meyer, S., Meah, V. L., Strynadka, M. C. & Khurana, R. Moms are not OK: COVID-19 and maternal mental health. Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health 1, 1 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Glob. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"1751_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13249","volume":"150","author":"V Zanardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zanardo, V. et al. Psychological impact of COVID-19 quarantine measures in northeastern Italy on mothers in the immediate postpartum period. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 150, 184\u2013188 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"1751_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C. H. & Doan, S. N. Psychosocial stress contagion in children and families during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin. Pediatr. 59, 853\u2013855 (2020).","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922820927044"},{"key":"1751_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0745-7","volume":"40","author":"C Erdei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erdei, C. & Liu, C. H. The downstream effects of COVID-19: a call for supporting family wellbeing in the NICU. J. Perinatol. 40, 1283\u20131285 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"1751_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-011-0221-7","volume":"14","author":"M Edhborg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Edhborg, M., Nasreen, H.-E. & Kabir, Z. N. Impact of postpartum depressive and anxiety symptoms on mothers\u2019 emotional tie to their infants 2\u20133 months postpartum: a population-based study from rural Bangladesh. Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health 14, 307\u2013316 (2011).","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"1751_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-005-0074-z","volume":"8","author":"A Taylor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Taylor, A., Atkins, R., Kumar, R., Adams, D. & Glover, V. A new Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale: links with early maternal mood. Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health 8, 45\u201351 (2005).","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"1751_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-014-0423-x","volume":"17","author":"A Tietz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tietz, A., Zietlow, A.-L. & Reck, C. Maternal bonding in mothers with postpartum anxiety disorder: the crucial role of subclinical depressive symptoms and maternal avoidance behaviour. Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health 17, 433\u2013442 (2014).","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"1751_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-014-0445-4","volume":"18","author":"S Dubber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dubber, S., Reck, C., M\u00fcller, M. & Gawlik, S. Postpartum bonding: the role of perinatal depression, anxiety and maternal\u2013fetal bonding during pregnancy. Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health 18, 187\u2013195 (2015).","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"1751_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(97)90018-7","volume":"20","author":"R Feldman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Feldman, R., Greenbaum, C. W., Mayes, L. C. & Erlich, S. H. Change in mother-infant interactive behavior: relations to change in the mother, the infant, and the social context. Infant Behav. Dev. 20, 151\u2013163 (1997).","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/713683036","volume":"18","author":"M Edhborg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Edhborg, M., Seimyr, L., Lundh, W. & Widstr\u00f6m, A.-M. Fussy child - difficult parenthood? Comparisons between families with a \u201cdepressed\u201d mother and non-depressed mother 2 months postpartum. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 18, 225\u2013238 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"1751_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20332","volume":"33","author":"B Troutman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Troutman, B., Moran, T. E., Arndt, S., Johnson, R. F. & Chmielewski, M. Development of parenting self-efficacy in mothers of infants with high negative emotionality. Infant Ment. Health J. 33, 45\u201354 (2012).","journal-title":"Infant Ment. Health J."},{"key":"1751_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.12.004","volume":"25","author":"TL Jones","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jones, T. L. & Prinz, R. J. Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: a review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 25, 341\u2013363 (2005).","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"1751_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1997.tb02743.x","volume":"26","author":"PL Ruchala","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ruchala, P. L. & James, D. C. Social support knowledge of infant development, and maternal confidence among adolescent and adult mothers. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 26, 685\u2013689 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"1751_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12147","volume":"11","author":"KH Law","year":"2019","unstructured":"Law, K. H. et al. Stress, depressive symptoms, and maternal self-efficacy in first-time mothers: modelling and predicting change across the first six months of motherhood. Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being 11, 126\u2013147 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being"},{"key":"1751_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.2307\/1131143","volume":"62","author":"DM Teti","year":"1991","unstructured":"Teti, D. M. & Gelfand, D. M. Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: the mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Dev. 62, 918\u2013929 (1991).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2908","volume":"36","author":"M DeSousa","year":"2020","unstructured":"DeSousa, M., Reeve, C. L. & Peterman, A. H. Development and initial validation of the Perceived Scarcity Scale. Stress Health 36, 131\u2013146 (2020).","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"1751_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2012.732681","volume":"53","author":"C Razurel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Razurel, C., Kaiser, B., Sellenet, C. & Epiney, M. Relation between perceived stress, social support, and coping strategies and maternal well-being: a review of the literature. Women health 53, 74\u201399 (2013).","journal-title":"Women health"},{"key":"1751_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2307\/1129087","volume":"52","author":"SB Crockenberg","year":"1981","unstructured":"Crockenberg, S. B. Infant irritability, mother responsiveness, and social support influences on the security of infant-mother attachment. Child Dev. 52, 857\u2013865 (1981).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR43","unstructured":"Taylor, S. E. In The Oxford Handbook of Health Psychology (ed. Friedman, H. S.) 189\u2013214 (Oxford University Press, 2011)."},{"key":"1751_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.578","volume":"18","author":"NR Guajardo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Guajardo, N. R., Snyder, G. & Petersen, R. Relationships among parenting practices, parental stress, child behaviour, and children\u2019s social-cognitive development. Infant Child Dev. 18, 37\u201360 (2009).","journal-title":"Infant Child Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.2307\/1132273","volume":"69","author":"E Moss","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moss, E., Rousseau, D., Parent, S., St\u2010Laurent, D. & Saintonge, J. Correlates of attachment at school age: maternal reported stress, mother-child interaction, and behavior problems. Child Dev. 69, 1390\u20131405 (1998).","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5292","volume":"25","author":"R Ganann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ganann, R., Sword, W., Thabane, L., Newbold, B. & Black, M. Predictors of postpartum depression among immigrant women in the year after childbirth. J. Women\u2019s Health 25, 155\u2013165 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"1751_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.027","volume":"282","author":"JE Khoury","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khoury, J. E., Atkinson, L., Bennett, T., Jack, S. M. & Gonzalez, A. COVID-19 and mental health during pregnancy: the importance of cognitive appraisal and social support. J. Affect. Disord. 282, 1161\u20131169 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"1751_CR48","unstructured":"Merikangas, K., Milham, M. & Stringaris, A. The Coronavirus Health Impact Survey (CRISIS) [Internet]. http:\/\/www.crisissurvey.org\/ (2020)."},{"key":"1751_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(95)02757-2","volume":"59","author":"HG Prigerson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prigerson, H. G. et al. Inventory of complicated grief: a scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry Res. 59, 65\u201379 (1995).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"1751_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.01.054","volume":"136","author":"RC Conrad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Conrad, R. C., Koire, A., Pinder-Amaker, S. & Liu, C. H. College student mental health risks during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications of campus relocation. J. Psychiatr. Res. 136, 117\u2013126 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"1751_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113172","volume":"290","author":"CH Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, C. H., Zhang, E., Wong, G. T. F., Hyun, S. & Hahm, H. C. Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical implications for U.S. Young Adult Mental Health. Psychiatry Res. 290, 113172 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"1751_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113345","volume":"292","author":"CH Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, C. H., Stevens, C., Conrad, R. & Hahm, H. C. Evidence for elevated psychiatric distress, poor sleep, and quality of life concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic among U.S. young adults with suspected and reported psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatry Res. 292, 113345 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"1751_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.12.009","volume":"78","author":"S Hyun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hyun, S., Hahm, H. C., Wong, G. T. F., Zhang, E. & Liu, C. H. Psychological correlates of poor sleep quality among US young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Med. 78, 51\u201356 (2021).","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"1751_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff, L. S. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl. Psychol. Meas. 1, 385\u2013401 (1977).","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"1751_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. & L\u00f6we, B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 1092\u20131097 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"1751_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","volume":"52","author":"GD Zimet","year":"1988","unstructured":"Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G. & Farley, G. K. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J. Pers. Assess. 52, 30\u201341 (1988).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"1751_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/02646839808404558","volume":"16","author":"JT Condon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Condon, J. T. & Corkindale, C. J. The assessment of parent-to-infant attachment: development of a self-report questionnaire. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 16, 57\u201357 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"1751_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01982.x","volume":"94","author":"J Kennell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kennell, J. & McGrath, S. Starting the process of mother\u2013infant bonding. Acta Paediatr. 94, 775\u2013777 (2005).","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"1751_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-006-0149-5","volume":"9","author":"E Moehler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moehler, E., Brunner, R., Wiebel, A., Reck, C. & Resch, F. Maternal depressive symptoms in the postnatal period are associated with long-term impairment of mother\u2013child bonding. Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health 9, 273\u2013278 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"1751_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-016-0648-y","volume":"19","author":"N Nonnenmacher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nonnenmacher, N., Noe, D., Ehrenthal, J. C. & Reck, C. Postpartum bonding: the impact of maternal depression and adult attachment style. Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health 19, 927\u2013935 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"1751_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-016-0602-z","volume":"19","author":"L Rossen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rossen, L. et al. Predictors of postnatal mother-infant bonding: the role of antenatal bonding, maternal substance use and mental health. Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health 19, 609\u2013622 (2016).","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"1751_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2006.08.005","volume":"30","author":"R Nicol-Harper","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nicol-Harper, R., Harvey, A. G. & Stein, A. Interactions between mothers and infants: Impact of maternal anxiety. Infant Behav. Dev. 30, 161\u2013167 (2007).","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2011.540741","volume":"51","author":"JR Britton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Britton, J. R. Infant temperament and maternal anxiety and depressed mood in the early postpartum period. Women Health 51, 55\u201371 (2011).","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"1751_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2009.12.003","volume":"33","author":"M Kaitz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaitz, M., Maytal, H. R., Devor, N., Bergman, L. & Mankuta, D. Maternal anxiety, mother\u2013infant interactions, and infants\u2019 response to challenge. Infant Behav. Dev. 33, 136\u2013148 (2010).","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2018.02.003","volume":"51","author":"LK Badr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Badr, L. K., Ayvazian, N., Lameh, S. & Charafeddine, L. Is the effect of postpartum depression on mother-infant bonding universal? Infant Behav. Dev. 51, 15\u201323 (2018).","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08768-3","volume":"7","author":"M Ohara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ohara, M. et al. Social support helps protect against perinatal bonding failure and depression among mothers: a prospective cohort study. Sci. Rep. 7, 9546 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1751_CR67","unstructured":"Lakshmin, P. Experts fear increase in postpartum mood and anxiety disorders [Internet]. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/05\/27\/parenting\/coronavirus-postpartum-depression-anxiety.html (2020)."},{"key":"1751_CR68","unstructured":"Holohan, M. Pandemic isolation is leading to more postpartum depression, anxiety [Internet]. TODAY.com. https:\/\/www.today.com\/parents\/covid-19-pandemic-leads-more-postpartum-depression-t179221 (2020)."},{"key":"1751_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2018.1436753","volume":"36","author":"M Delavari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Delavari, M., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S. & Mirghafurvand, M. The relationship between maternal\u2013fetal attachment and maternal self-efficacy in Iranian women: a prospective study. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 36, 302\u2013311 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"1751_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327078IN0302_7","volume":"3","author":"EM Leerkes","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leerkes, E. M. & Crockenberg, S. C. The development of maternal self-efficacy and its impact on maternal behavior. Infancy 3, 227\u2013247 (2002).","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"1751_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2014.02.006","volume":"30","author":"CB Kinsey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kinsey, C. B., Baptiste-Roberts, K., Zhu, J. & Kjerulff, K. H. Birth-related, psychosocial, and emotional correlates of positive maternal\u2013infant bonding in a cohort of first-time mothers. Midwifery 30, e188\u2013e194 (2014).","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"1751_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222998","volume":"14","author":"E Tichelman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tichelman, E. et al. Correlates of prenatal and postnatal mother-to-infant bonding quality: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 14, e0222998 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1751_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/02646830903487342","volume":"28","author":"C Gaudet","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gaudet, C., S\u00e9journ\u00e9, N., Camborieux, L., Rogers, R. & Chabrol, H. Pregnancy after perinatal loss: association of grief, anxiety and attachment. J. Reprod. Infant Psychol. 28, 240\u2013251 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"1751_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.07.016","volume":"101","author":"MH Hutti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hutti, M. H. et al. Predicting grief intensity after recent perinatal loss. J. Psychosom. Res. 101, 128\u2013134 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"1751_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000122","volume":"55","author":"RD Markin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Markin, R. D. & Zilcha-Mano, S. Cultural processes in psychotherapy for perinatal loss: breaking the cultural taboo against perinatal grief. Psychotherapy 55, 20 (2018).","journal-title":"Psychotherapy"},{"key":"1751_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5133","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14059","volume":"26","author":"Y-F Tseng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tseng, Y.-F., Cheng, H.-R., Chen, Y.-P., Yang, S.-F. & Cheng, P.-T. Grief reactions of couples to perinatal loss: a one-year prospective follow-up. J. Clin. Nurs. 26, 5133\u20135142 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"1751_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2017.1330833","volume":"19","author":"R-L Punam\u00e4ki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Punam\u00e4ki, R.-L., Isos\u00e4vi, S., Qouta, S. R., Kuittinen, S. & Diab, S. Y. War trauma and maternal\u2013fetal attachment predicting maternal mental health, infant development, and dyadic interaction in Palestinian families. Attach. Hum. Dev. 19, 463\u2013486 (2017).","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12116","volume":"21","author":"JM Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brown, J. M. Recurrent grief in mothering a child with an intellectual disability to adulthood: grieving is the healing. Child Fam. Soc. Work 21, 113\u2013122 (2016).","journal-title":"Child Fam. Soc. Work"},{"key":"1751_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacKay, L., Benzies, K., Barnard, C. & Raffin Bouchal, S. Parental experiences caring for their hospitalized medically fragile infants: a description of grief, stress, and coping. Can. J. Nurs. Res. 0844562120954125 (2020).","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562120954125"},{"key":"1751_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14894","volume":"28","author":"H Skelton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skelton, H., Dahlen, H. G., Psaila, K. & Schmied, V. Facilitating closeness between babies with congenital abnormalities and their parents in the NICU: a qualitative study of neonatal nurses\u2019 experiences. J. Clin. Nurs. 28, 2979\u20132989 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Nurs."},{"key":"1751_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/14330237.2013.10820623","volume":"23","author":"SL Van Reenen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Reenen, S. L., Van & Rensburg, E. The influence of an unplanned caesarean section on initial mother-infant bonding: mothers\u2019 subjective experiences. J. Psychol. Afr. 23, 269\u2013274 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Afr."},{"key":"1751_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500600708409","volume":"11","author":"S Ayers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ayers, S., Eagle, A. & Waring, H. The effects of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder on women and their relationships: a qualitative study. Psychol. Health Med. 11, 389\u2013398 (2006).","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"1751_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570727","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.570727","volume":"11","author":"S Stuijfzand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stuijfzand, S., Garthus-Niegel, S. & Horsch, A. Parental birth-related PTSD symptoms and bonding in the early postpartum period: a prospective population-based cohort study. Front. Psychiatry 11, 570727 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1751_CR84","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment (Basic Books, 1969)."},{"key":"1751_CR85","unstructured":"Cassidy, J. in Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (eds Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R.) 3\u201322 (The Guilford Press, 2008)."},{"key":"1751_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21830","volume":"61","author":"CH Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, C. H. & Doan, S. N. Innovations in biological assessments of chronic stress through hair and nail cortisol: conceptual, developmental, and methodological issues. Dev. Psychobiol. 61, 465\u2013476 (2019).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"1751_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2007.09.010","volume":"53","author":"J Giardino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Giardino, J., Gonzalez, A., Steiner, M. & Fleming, A. S. Effects of motherhood on physiological and subjective responses to infant cries in teenage mothers: a comparison with non-mothers and adult mothers. Hormones Behav. 53, 149\u2013158 (2008).","journal-title":"Hormones Behav."},{"key":"1751_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327922PAR011&2_5","volume":"1","author":"J Stallings","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stallings, J., Fleming, A. S., Corter, C., Worthman, C. & Steiner, M. The effects of infant cries and odors on sympathy, cortisol, and autonomic responses in new mothers and nonpostpartum women. Parent. Sci. Pract. 1, 71\u2013100 (2001).","journal-title":"Parent. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"1751_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2017.09.012","volume":"49","author":"RAS Hall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hall, R. A. S. et al. Maternal psychological distress after preterm birth: disruptive or adaptive? Infant Behav. Dev. 49, 272\u2013280 (2017).","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR90","unstructured":"Winnicott, D. W. in The Maternal Lineage: Identification, Desire, and Transgenerational Issues (ed. Mariotti, P.) 59\u201366 (Routledge, 2012)."},{"key":"1751_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2019.04.001","volume":"33","author":"PM Forder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Forder, P. M. et al. Honesty and comfort levels in mothers when screened for perinatal depression and anxiety. Women Birth 33, e142\u2013e150 (2020).","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"1751_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12645","volume":"27","author":"D Maxwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maxwell, D., Robinson, S. R. & Rogers, K. \u201cI keep it to myself\u201d: a qualitative meta-interpretive synthesis of experiences of postpartum depression among marginalised women. Health Soc. Care Community 27, e23\u2013e36 (2019).","journal-title":"Health Soc. Care Community"},{"key":"1751_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.11.2175","volume":"162","author":"PA Boelen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boelen, P. A. & van den Bout, J. Complicated grief, depression, and anxiety as distinct postloss syndromes: a confirmatory factor analysis study. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 2175\u20132177 (2005).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1751_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/07481180902805673","volume":"33","author":"L Dillen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dillen, L., Fontaine, J. R. & Verhofstadt-Den\u00e8ve, L. Confirming the distinctiveness of complicated grief from depression and anxiety among adolescents. Death Stud. 33, 437\u2013461 (2009).","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"1751_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-007-0744-0","volume":"257","author":"PA Boelen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Boelen, P. A. & Prigerson, H. G. The influence of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder, depression, and anxiety on quality of life among bereaved adults. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 257, 444\u2013452 (2007).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"1751_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.053","volume":"87","author":"Y Zhai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhai, Y. & Du, X. Loss and grief amidst COVID-19: a path to adaptation and resilience. Brain Behav. Immun. 87, 80\u201381 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"1751_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000798","volume":"12","author":"CK Kokou-Kpolou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Fern\u00e1ndez-Alc\u00e1ntara, M. & C\u00e9nat, J. M. Prolonged grief related to COVID-19 deaths: do we have to fear a steep rise in traumatic and disenfranchised griefs? Psychol. Trauma 12, S94 (2020).","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma"},{"key":"1751_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnv118","volume":"57","author":"TB Hughes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hughes, T. B., Varma, V. R., Pettigrew, C. & Albert, M. S. African Americans and clinical research: evidence concerning barriers and facilitators to participation and recruitment recommendations. Gerontologist 57, 348\u2013358 (2017).","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"1751_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12392","volume":"29","author":"GA Le Bas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Bas, G. A. et al. The role of antenatal and postnatal maternal bonding in infant development: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. Soc. Dev. 29, 3\u201320 (2020).","journal-title":"Soc. Dev."},{"key":"1751_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Earls, M. F., Yogman, M. W., Mattson, G. & Rafferty, J. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. Incorporating recognition and management of perinatal depression into pediatric practice. Pediatrics 143, e20183259 (2019).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3259"},{"key":"1751_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0675-y","volume":"26","author":"M Mihelic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mihelic, M., Morawska, A. & Filus, A. Effects of early parenting interventions on parents and infants: a meta-analytic review. J. Child Fam. Stud. 26, 1507\u20131526 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Child Fam. Stud."},{"key":"1751_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-S1-S10","volume":"13","author":"KM Benzies","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benzies, K. M., Magill-Evans, J. E., Hayden, K. A. & Ballantyne, M. Key components of early intervention programs for preterm infants and their parents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 13, S10 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"1751_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000557","volume":"54","author":"B Beebe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beebe, B. et al. Family nurture intervention for preterm infants facilitates positive mother\u2013infant face-to-face engagement at 4 months. Dev. Psychol. 54, 2016\u20132031 (2018).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"1751_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20299","volume":"32","author":"R Paris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paris, R., Bolton, R. E. & Spielman, E. Evaluating a home-based dyadic intervention: changes in postpartum depression, maternal perceptions, and mother\u2013infant interactions. Infant Ment. Health J. 32, 319\u2013338 (2011).","journal-title":"Infant Ment. Health J."},{"key":"1751_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-011-0835-4","volume":"16","author":"CH Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, C. H. & Tronick, E. Do patient characteristics, prenatal care setting, and method of payment matter when it comes to provider-patient conversations on perinatal mood? Matern. Child Health J. 16, 1102\u20131112 (2012).","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-021-01751-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-021-01751-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-021-01751-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T17:05:17Z","timestamp":1666803917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41390-021-01751-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["1751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-021-01751-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-3998","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-0447","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Human subjects were consented prior to their participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent statement"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}